功利主义

Makonde carving c.1974:Emphasis on performance art: An extension of the utilitarianism and three-dimensionality of traditional African art is the fact that much of it is crafted for use in performance contexts, rather than in static ones.

Makonde雕刻c.1974：对表演艺术的重点：对功利主义和四分之三的非洲传统艺术维度扩展的是，其中大部分是制作的情况下使用的性能，而不是静态的。

The paper focuses on the theme of nature and childhood as well as its social significance in the 19 th century British Romantic literature.The theme signifies that in a modern society dominated by mechanical civilization,humanity seems inevitably to be metamorphosed materialistically,utilitarianistically,and pragmatistically,and separated altogether from the world of freedom,kind-heartedness,grand imagination,pure curiosity and emotional intensity.

本文着重论述了英国 19世纪浪漫主义文学的自然与童心主题及其深刻的社会历史意义，认为在大机器文明主宰下的现代社会里，人性不可避免地趋向物化、实用主义和功利主义化，丧失了原本在自然状态下充分拥有的自由和善良的意志、崇高的想象力、纯真的好奇心和强烈的情感世界，使人变得封闭、迟钝和缺乏创造力，而这将导致整个人类文明的匮乏与衰退。

Even though Pareto superiority can be employed as a standard of utility , it has content aside from this connection, and its application in social and legal policy matters may be justified on nonutilitarian grounds .

即使帕累托更优可以被用作一种效用标准，除了这种联系，它还是有内容的，并且它在社会和立法政策中的应用可以在非功利主义基础上得到证明。

Modern western moral education, in which respect is paid to the educated who are instructed in a natural way and emphasis is laid on secularity and pragmaticality, has been greatly influenced by empiricism, positivism, utilitarianism and naturalism.

近现代西方德育方法受到经验主义、实证主义、功利主义、自然主义等哲学流派的影响，在哲学观上实现了对传统德育方法的继承、批判与转变，充分体现了对受教育者的尊重、提倡自然的教育、注重世俗化、务实性等特点。

Chinese Pop Art in the early 90s, described as Living Pop art, has a clear signification and concept. The Gandy Art (from 1995 and later) however turned into a more formalist art. It lacks an avant-garde approach and has no references to daily life anymore. Also it has a Benthamistic and pragmatistic character: being more business oriented to the Western art market.

中国90年代的波普艺术统属于生活波普。90年代初的生活波普与后来的艳俗艺术有些差异性，前者的意指和观念都很明确，后者却是一种形式主义的东西，缺乏现实生活的参照系，有功利主义和实用主义的倾向。

In order to provide a theory of justice as a viable alternative to the dominating Utinitarianism, Rawls finds the way for researches and arguments in the tradition of social contract. In section two, contract and its features in the tradition of social contrct are analyzed and the reasons for Rawls to readopt this waning contratarianism to work out his theory of justice are concluded.

这一章分为两个小节，第一节介绍了罗尔斯所论正义是针对社会基本结构的一套权利与义务的分配原则，为了提出一套能对处于支配地位的功利主义进行可行替代的正义原则，罗尔斯从社会契约论的传统中找到研究和论证的工具。

Retributivists claim justice and desert, utilitariasts claim maximization of social utility. In "Two concepts of Rules", Rawls put forward a mixed theory to reconciliate the utilitarian and retributive theories. He distinguishes between the justification of an institution and the justification of practice.

在《规则的两个概念》一文中，罗尔斯提出了一种关于法律惩罚的混合理论，他首先对惩罚的制度层面和实践层面进行区分，在此基础上分别从两个层面对惩罚进行证明，认为惩罚的制度层面可以用功利主义进行证明，实践层面可以用报应主义进行证明。

Yan Fu's economic ethical thought represents a new paradigm of utilitarianist economic ethics in modern China.

严复的经济伦理思想代表了中国近代功利主义经济伦理的新范式。

This individualist and utilitarianist thought have been discarded by modern education concepts. However, we can't deny that this idea is still the driving force for many students.

这个观点由于其个人主义和功利主义而被现代教育观念所抛弃，但也不能否认，它的确是很多人刻苦读书的直接动力。

Concerning the management of the government, Locke's ruled by law and Rawls's ruled by law exist a logical development. 4, Concerning the justice, Locke believes the justice of personal right, Mill believes the utilitarianist justice, Rawls believes the pure procedural justice.

4，在正义问题上，到底是坚持形式正义还是实质正义的问题，从洛克的坚持个人权利、法律正义的形式正义，到密尔对功利主义的结果、功利强调而坚持实质正义，再到罗尔斯的形式正义和实质正义的统一，这一发展过程。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。