功利主义

The purpose of this paper is to have a research on Mill's idea of relationship between justice and utility by re-explaining his moral theory.

同其它任何正义思想的形成和发展一样，功利主义正义思想也有其产生和发展的历史脉络和理论渊源。

Hutchins was dissatisfied with pragmatism, utilitarianism and vocationalism prevalent in the America higher education, which he thought resulted in the fragmentation of the curriculum and the deprivation of its unity, the disciplinary bonds and hindrance of interdisciplinary exchange.

赫钦斯对美国高等教育中流行的实用主义、功利主义、职业主义深为不满，认为它导致了高校课程的支离破碎和统一性的丧失，造成了学科界限，阻碍了学科间的交流。

On the one hand, the response was represented by Constant and de Tocqueville's historical explanation of liberalism; on the other hand, it was more weightily represented by Bentham and Miller's explanation of utilitarianism.

这种回应一方面表现为贡斯当和托克维尔对自由主义的历史解释，另一方面，更重要的表现为边沁和密尔的功利主义解释。

To our tolerance of such a system there would indeed be some limit; but even if we were convinced that the social danger of the evasion of punishment through false pleas were overwhelming, and were forced to extend the area of strict liability, we would wittingly be choosing between two distinct principles: the utilitarian principle which justifies punishment by its propensity to protect society from harm, and a principle of justice which requires us to confine punishment to those who have broken the law and had at least some minimum capacity to comply with it.

对我们之于这样一种制度的容忍，确实有某种限度，但是，即使我们确信，通过虚假的辩解逃避惩罚的社会危险是无法抵抗的，并被迫扩大严格义务的范围，我们也会有意地在两个不同的原则中选择：通过保护社会免受损害的倾向来征明惩罚之正当性的功利主义原则，以及要求我们将惩罚只限于已违反法律并至少具有遵守法律的某种最低限度的能力的人的正义原则。

It simply does not follow that the normative use of the Pareto — superior criterion must be abandoned even if utilitarianism is wrongheaded.

而这并没有简单地认为对帕累托更优标准的规范功用该被抛弃，即使功利主义是误导的。

Wrongness of an action is judged by its consequences .

在功利主义中，判断一件事对和错的标准就是它的结果如何。

In all Xenophon's works, Socrates stuck to the utilitarianism of beauty all the time.

色诺芬的全部著作中，苏格拉底前后一贯地主张美的功利主义观点。

Third chapters , thorough analysis Eastern Zhou Dynasty society utilitarianisms can be come into being and produce a marked effect to restrict a factor: Actualism tradition , war, society compete , commerce exchanges to wait.

第三章，深入分析东周社会功利主义得以产生并发挥作用的制约因素：现实主义传统、战争、社会竞争、商业交换等。

Because of diminishingmarginal utility, income redistribution from the rich to the poor is akey part of the utilitarian's plan.

根据边际效用递减的规律，从富人到穷人的收入再分配，是功利主义计划中的关键部分。

That the internalized rules of behavior are social in origin does not differentiate this argument decisively from a utilitarian one, in which the source of utility functions is left open, leaving room for behavior guided entirely by consensually determined norms and values--as in the oversocialized view.

被内化的行为规则在被本质上是社会性的，这一点并不是与功利主义的观点完全对立的。在社会化不充分的讨论中，效益的功能是开放性的，它为解释由一致认同的规则和价值来全权指导的行为留有空间——就如同在过度社会化中的观点。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。