副轴

Being that I'll need to grab the countershaft's release handle to change belt speeds I figured that I might as well cast a nice one so I can switch speeds in comfort and style.

目前 ，我需要抓住副轴的释放手柄改变皮带速度我计算过，所以我也投了好一这样我就可以切换舒适和时尚的速度。

I tried molding the pulleys (the step pulley and 6 pulley) in sand but after the 12th or 13th failed attempt I was ready to put the damn patterns on the countershaft and go with that!

我试图塑造滑轮（滑轮的步骤和6轮在沙），但在十二至十三失败的尝试，我愿意把这个该死的副轴模式和与此相伴！

Over the years various kinds of both bench and stand-mounted countershafts were available: one model of bench countershaft featured a four-step final-drive pulley with a "fast-and-loose" drive from the motor (which gave the effect of a clutch) whist the other dispensed with this arrangement and was driven directly from the motor by what the makers described as a " special joined V-belt ".

多年来各种都替补和备用安装countershafts有：一种模式的板凳副轴功能的四步最后驱动滑轮的"快速和宽松"的电机驱动器惠其他免除这一安排，并直接驱动电机的制造商所形容为"特别加入V带"。

The aim of the subject is to design and check the strength of the gears of crown gear coupling from the Beijing subway and to analyse the teeth by means of 3D FE elastic contact method. The result can numerically and theoretical support the design and manufacture of crown gear coupling.

本课题研究的目的是通过对北京地铁联轴器齿轮副进行强度设计和校核，并且对其进行三维弹性接触有限元分析，得出鼓形齿联轴器齿轮副的弹性接触状况，为鼓形齿联轴器的设计及制造提供数据和理论支持。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

Commonly used products: Brass wire, including zinc line, polishing lines, filters, ion exchange resins, conductive block, wire mold, insulation board, guide pulley, bearings, water spray nozzles, descaling agent K200, KC12, eye discharge mode discharge brass, discharge chucks, belts as well as a strong magnet, clamp, charge plates, screws, etc. have the cash, and other great products: Tension brushless motor, sets up nose snakes belly, auxiliary sprinkler head, cluster-type sprinkler head Block, Block, and the mother spray, sprinkler head connected·, sprinkler head covered by panels, round round of vice-axis spindle, folder line wheels, power wheels, flow meter, electric plate fixed to the pad, round round, wire wheels, gears, axle win hearts catheter, vertical meter cable, pole lines, grounding line, guide line wheels, micro switch, on the nose, eyes mold base, the wheel seat, rectifier ring, nose mounting insulation, automatic threading catheters, eye mold base assembly, pressure gauge and chuck ER group, eyes fixed mold plate and so have the cash or stock.

常用产品：黄铜线、包锌线、抛光线、过滤器、离子交换树脂、导电块、导丝模、绝缘板、导轮、轴承、喷水嘴、除锈剂K200、KC12、放电眼模、放电铜管、放电夹头、皮带以及强力磁石、夹具、押板、螺丝等均有现货，其他非常用产品：张力马达碳刷、上机头蛇腹套、辅助喷水头、子母型喷水头喷座和母座、喷水头连接铜环、喷水头盖板、出线轮主轴副轴、夹线轮、强力轮、流量计、给电板固定垫、出线轮、引线轮、齿轮、出线轮轴心、导管、垂直度计连接线、极间线、接地线、引导线轮、微动开关、上机头、眼模座、滚轮座、整流环、机头绝缘固定座、、自动穿线导管、眼模座总成、压力表以及ER夹头组、眼模固定板等有现货或备货。

Physical model of three-dimensional half axis rotor of 110 MW air inner-cooled turbo-generator was established, which included the rotor end, axial ventilation ducts and sub slot ventilation ducts. The rotating turbulence flow field was simulated numerically based on the finite volume method. The air velocity and flow rate distribution characteristics of the rotor end, axial ventilation ducts and sub slot ventilation ducts were analyzed.

建立110 MW空内冷汽轮发电机转子冷却通风道一个槽(包括端部、轴径向及副槽)的半轴向段三维物理模型，并基于有限体积法对该物理模型进行旋转湍流流场数值模拟，分析了端部、轴向段和副槽通风段的空气速度、流量分布特点。

Wherein a is half of the distance of major axis and b is half of the distance of a minor axis.

其中a是主轴长度的一半，b是副轴长度的一半。

Based on the simulation data, the effects of clearances, damping coefficient and the rotation speed on the dynamic behaviors are studied: compared with ideal mechanisms, mechanisms with clearances are less stable; as for mechanisms with clearances, when the crank rotates at the speed of 100rad/s, the actual clearances are always above the radium of clearances, axle pin and axle cover keep contact throught the rotation; when the crank rotates at the speed of 20rad/s, mechanisms are in an unstable state, at an angle of about 300, the actual clearances are below the radium of clearances, pairs lose contact, which results in collision between them; with the speed of 20rad/s, when damping coefficient is assumed 175Ns/m, distinct separation and collision happen between pairs; when damping coefficient is assumed 220Ns/m, separation and collision are controlled.

在含间隙机构中，当曲柄以100rad/s转动时，运动副间隙始终大於半径间隙，轴销与轴套始终保持连续接触；当曲柄以低速20rad/s转动时，系统处於极不稳定的震荡状态，在转至300°左右时，运动副间隙小於半径间隙，脱离接触，发生明显的分离碰撞现象。在含间隙机构中，曲柄以低速20rad/s转动，当取法向阻尼系数为175Ns/m时，副元素发生明显的分离碰撞现象；当取法向阻尼系数为220Ns/m时控制了副元素的分离，副元素一直处於连续接触状态。

The possiblehost objective reason all is very many, but, our country numericalcontrol engine bed function part development backwardness -- varietyfew, unit technical level low, performance quality insufficientlystable, the cost stays at a high level, the delivery insufficientlywas prompt and so on -- not to be able to satisfy the numericalcontrol engine bed main engine product need to develop, had noalternative but to say was most direct, the most main reason, Becauseall numerical controls engine bed all is by each kind of function part(including host 轴头, straight line rolls guide rail, ball bearingguide screw vice-, numerical control tool rest, knife storehousemanipulator, rotary table, numerical control servosystem, surveyfeedback as well as safe protective equipment and so on), the functionpart which on foundation rack and so on the lathe bed, column thecollection attire becomes is the numerical control engine bedimportant component, moreover is the indispensable part.

可能主客观原因都是很多的，但是，我国数控机床功能部件的发展落后──品种少，单元技术水平低，性能质量不够稳定，成本居高不下，交货不够及时等──满足不了数控机床主机产品发展的需要，不能不说是最直接、最主要的原因，因为所有的数控机床都是由各种功能部件（包括主轴头、直线滚动导轨、滚珠丝杠副、数控刀架、刀库机械手、回转工作台、数控伺服系统、测量反馈以及安全防护装置等）在床身、立柱等基础机架上集装而成的，功能部件是数控机床的重要组成部份，而且是不可或缺的部份。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。