前概念

If our candidate conceptual analysis were an explicit verbal definition, in the vocabulary of microphysics, then we could be sure that the analogue of premise was a microphysical truth, but once we move to the more abstract and unconstrained representation of meaning given by the two-dimensional intensional framework, we can no longer assume that this premise is necessitated by microphysical theory, and even if we could assume this, it is not clear what it would mean to say that this premise is deducible a priori from microphysics.

如果我们的候选概念分析是一个语词的显定义『an explicit verbal definition』，那么我们可以确信类似前设是一个微观物理真，但一旦我们移入基于二维内涵框架给出的更多抽象和不受约束的意义表达后，我们不再假设这个前设在微观物理理论上是必要的；即使我们能够假设这，也不清楚说'这个前设从微观物理学先天演推得到'究竟是什么意思。

A review of the literature in Taiwan revealed a lack of recent systematic analysis on dysphasia. The purpose of this article was to discuss dysphasia within the concept analysis framework provided by Walker and Avant (2004). This article verified and confirmed the conceptual characteristics of dysphasia; identified antecedents and consequences; and elaborated on previous cases (including model, borderline, contradictory, and related cases).

虽然目前有不少的文献探讨吞咽障碍的评估与处置，但并无针对吞咽障碍作有系统的概念分析，故本文依Walker及Avent(2004)提出概念澄清与分析方法来进行吞咽障碍的概念分析，广泛性地查证此概念之定义及确认吞咽障碍的概念性特徵，并且列举典型、边缘与相反案例作说明，同时确认吞咽障碍发生的前因与后果并阐述相关实证资料。

The concept of zero-path tracking in homotopy is generalized into minimum-path tracking and a new method for the training of multi-layer perceptron is thus put forward──the homotopic BP algorithm. An analysis is made on the convergence property of the proposed method.

采用同伦BP算法进行多层前向网络的训练高小榕，杨福生（清华大学电机及应用电子工程系北京100084）摘要本文把同伦论中零点路径跟踪的概念推广到多层前向网络能量函数极小点路径的跟踪，从而提出多层前向网络一种新的训练方法──同伦BP算法（包括教师同伦和输入同伦），并且分析了其收敛性质。

The result showed that there's inconsistence existed between the extension and intension concepts before the treatment of concept change. For instance, less than 10% of the pupils thought that the oblique prism is prism in the task of property judgment. Yet, there's approx 60% pupils choosing the oblique prism as the prism in the classified task.

结果显示，概念改变活动前学童在非典型正例和非例部份，外延性和内涵性概念存在不一致的现象，例如在性质判别作业中认为斜角柱可以是角柱的学童不到10%，但在选图作业却有约60%的学童圈选斜角柱为角柱。

If one considers an article of manufacture as, for example, a book or a paper-knife — one sees that it has been made by an artisan who had a conception of it; and he has paid attention, equally, to the conception of a paper-knife and to the pre-existent technique of production which is a part of that conception and is, at bottom, a formula.

试拿一件工艺品------例如一本书或者一把裁纸刀-----来说，它是一个对此已有一个概念的匠人制造的；他对裁纸刀的概念，以及制造裁纸刀的前此已有的工艺（这也是概念的一部分，说到底，即一个公式）同样已心中有数。

In the first nine sections of this paper, we discussed physicalism and reductive explanation in the context of putative explicit verbal analyses in microphysical terms of such ordinary concepts as life , haircut and water .

在这篇论文的前九节，我们讨论了物理主义和还原解释，是在这样的语境下讨论的：假定在微观物理上有清楚的针对日常概念诸如生命、理发、水等的概念分析。

First, the Truth-Ascription Thesis, as Stroud understands it, is meant to apply to what an attributor must believe about the truth of an actual subject's beliefs. Second, Brueckner's criticism seems to involve an implicit but dubitable premise concerning the extent and nature of conception required for consistently believing that something is logically possible—or perhaps more importantly: of conception required for not being committed to the claim that something is not logically possible.

首先，归真论点，按Stroud理解的，意味着'一个归真者必须相信一个事实主体的信念的真'；第二，Brueckner的批评似乎含有一个隐含的但可疑的前设，关涉&一致地'相信某东西是逻辑可能的'所必要的概念的本性和程度&的前设，或是可能更重要的：&不付诸主张'某东西不是逻辑可能的'&所必要的概念。

The subjects of the research were four classes of 6th graders from an elementary school in Taipei City, dividing into an experiment group and a control group, two classes in each group. The course studied carried on quantitative analysis with the score of pretests, posttests and deferred tests to explore the results of learning between the experiment group and the control group and also carried on quality analysis with the concept maps and the information of interviews collected before, within, after the teaching to explore the concept transformation. Finally, researcher analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of applying the DAPA strategy in electromagnetic function with the data of observation and introspection. The important results of the study were summarized as below

研究对象为台北市郊区一所中型学校六年级四个班级，分为实验组、控制组各二个班，研究过程以学童的成就测验前、后、延宕后测成绩进行量化分析，探究实验组、控制组的学习成效是否达到显著差异；再以学童的教学前、中、后概念图、晤谈纪录进行质性分析，探究学童概念学习历程；最后依研究者自己的观察纪录与内省进行分析，找出DAPA教学策略应用在电磁作用单元时的优缺点，经研究后所得到的重要结果如下

The relationship between multigrade proxy signature and multi-grade security information systems is discussed.

引入了多级代理签名的概念，讨论了多级代理签名与多级安全信息系统的关系，指出了将基本代理签名体制转化为多级代理签名体制的一般方法；介绍了前向安全签名体制的概念，分析了多级代理签名体制与前向安全签名体制之间相互转化的可能性，并由此得到了新的多级代理签名体制与新的基本代理签名体制。

This paper presents the Machining Tool geometry of the former flank, the main flank, flank, the main cutting edge, Under the cutting edge tip cutting plane, the main section, the former Kok, horn, wedge angle edge angle, pointed knife, the blade angle, vice horn, Under the Frontier concept, the concept of cutting consumption, and the general circumstances of their choice method for processing slender shaft. cast iron materials, aluminum, stainless steel, rubber materials, plexiglass material, cloth bakelite materials, high temperature alloys, aluminum-magnesium alloy, hardened steel, the typical trapezoidal thread, the thread Triangle, Speaking at the trapezoidal screw thread pitch of the Tool geometry of the selection methods and cutting the amount of cutting fluids reasonable choice.

本文介绍了在机械加工中车刀几何角度中的前刀面、主后刀面、后刀面、主切削刃、副切削刃刀尖切削平面、主截面、前角、后角、楔角主偏角、刀尖角、刃倾角、副后角、副前角的概念、切削用量的概念、以及一般情况下的它们的选择方法，进行加工细长轴、铸铁材料、铝合金、不锈钢、橡胶材料、有机玻璃材料、夹布胶木材料、高温合金、铝镁合金、淬火钢、典型梯形螺纹、三角螺纹、特在螺距的梯形螺纹等的车刀几何角度的选取方法切削用量及切削液的合理选择。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。