前概念

The idea is that the Fed funds rate no longer responds to Fed jawboning because of the sheer volume of reserves out there, up near US$1.2 trillion at the moment from somewhere near US$5 billion to US$6 billion before the crisis.

此举主要概念在於联准会利率不再随著联准会的政策浮动，因为目前的准备金总额比金融危机前的近五十亿至六十亿美元，增加到近一兆两千亿美元。

Pink, a former chief speechwriter for former Vice President Al Gore, presents a convincing argument that our country is entering a new era -- the so-called conceptual age -- during which right-brained skills such as design and storytelling will become far more crucial than traditionally left-brained skills such as accounting and computer programming.

Pink是前美国副总统AI Gore的演讲撰稿人，他提出了一个令人信服的论点：我们的国家正在进入一个新的时代--所谓，概念时代--在这个时代中，例如：设计、故事讲述这样的右脑技巧将远远比会计、计算机编程这样的传统的左脑技巧重要地多。

Grounded on this understanding, this paper, taking Gadamer's concepts"pre-understanding"and"fusion of horizons"as the departure of the analysis and hermeneutic as theoretical framework, has an exploration of phenomena of gaps in the literary works on four levels of phoneme, lexeme, syntax and text , with an aim to reveal that the translator's understanding of meaning can only be seen as gaps-filling and the dynamic construction based upon the human's epistemology.

基于这种认识，本文以加达默尔的两个概念&前理解&及&视域融合&为出发点，以阐释学理论为框架，从语音、词汇、句法和篇章四个层面对文学作品中的&空缺&现象进行探讨，旨在揭示出译者对意义的理解只能是一种建立在人的认识论基础上的&空缺&填补和动态建构。

Chapter one of this text has recommended the foreign insurance to apply financial economy to the products pricing method of insurance company, but these methods have not explained how to determine the fair premium of the multiple-line insurance company .In order to solve many business line insurance company pricing problem, chapter two introduce an very important model in insurance company capital allocation field - MR capital allocation model, through deriving capital allocation formula and simulation analysis indicate MR model allocate multiple- line insurance company capital scientifically. In order to apply MR model to non-life insurance pricing, chapter three will extend MR model to introduce loss 3 and layer P . Since the premise of MR model is a certain market price of loss, the chapter four will use the risk-neutral probability transformation technique to get the market value of loss. Under lognormal distribution, we will use location parameter shift and proportional PH transformation to illuminate the technique. The final chapter combines the prior sections result to deduce out the fair premium formula, and apply it to price the catastrophe insurance.

本文的第一章介绍了国外保险业将财务经济学应用到保险公司产品定价的方法，但是这些方法都没有说明如何确定多业务线保险公司的公平保费；为了解决多业务线保险公司定价问题，第二章引入保险公司资本配置领域非常重要的一个模型—MR资本配置模型，通过推导资本配置公式及模拟分析表明MR模型科学地配置了多业务线公司的资本；为了将MR模型应用到非寿险公司的定价中去第三章扩展了MR模型，引入了损失β和层β的概念：由于MR模型的前提条件是有一个确定的损失市场价值，第四章利用风险中性转化方法获得损失的市场价值，在损失为对数正态分布的条件下，通过位置参数转化和比例危险转化方法给出了实例说明；第五章结合前几章的结果给出非寿险公司公平保费的定价公式，并运用它给出了巨灾保险价格的模拟分析。

Their "golden age" lasted for 600 years, and besides inventing chocolate and the concept of "zero", the Maya built urban centers with great stone pyramids and developed the most brilliant civilization of pre-Hispanic America.

他们的&黄金岁月&历时600年之久；除了发明了巧克力和&零&的概念，玛雅人还打造了以宏伟巨石金字塔为布局的城市中心，并发展出西班牙统治前美洲最璀璨的文明。

In this paper, we present a wave theory based rendering technique: light wave field rendering, by combining wave graphics, Fourier optics, computational holography and the existed image based rendering techniques. In light wave field rendering, a 3D wave field is represented by one or more wavefronts which are stored as 2D arrays of complex numbers.

本文结合波动图形学、计算全息学和傅立叶光学等研究领域的相关技术，将波动的概念引入光场绘制过程，根据定态光波场的解析特性，使用平面或封闭曲面波前上的二维复振幅分布，来表示无源空间中三维的光波场，提出了一种基于光波场的绘制技术，用于三维物体的视点无关绘制和立体真实再现。

The essay tackles the concepts of rococo , gallant and empfindsamer styles in the context of the 18 th century musical culture , aiming at the characteristics and historical significance of the musical vogues of that age .

本文将这三个风格概念放在18世纪音乐文化的语境中进行释义与论述，通过梳理前古典时期音乐发展的脉络，探讨了18世纪时代音乐风尚的特征和历史意义。

And to analyze network traffic data cross different concept level of each dimension. The NIMS Architecture consists of three phases: Data Preprocessing Phase, Concept Hierarchy and Data Cube Construction Phase and Data Analysis Phase.

网路入侵侦测系统共分为三个阶段，分别是资料前处理阶段、建立维度概念层级与资料立方体阶段以及资料分析阶段。

Burden of proof in the trial may extend to the pretrial stage, imposing auxiliary burden of proof on investigators, extensive burden of proof on the defendant, and burden of proof on the criminal investigative agency in an accusatory investigation system. The relationship between the duty of prosecutors' being objective and their burden of proof should be well handled and burden of proof is subject to duty of being objective.

然而，文论虽多仍有概念模糊及适用不当的问题，而对审前程序中的证明责任、检察官证明责任与其客观义务的关系以及被害人在刑事公诉案件中的证明责任等直接影响制度构建与操作的问题，学界还缺乏注意与探讨，本文就这些问题作一试析，亦就教于学者与实务界人士。

The paper summarizes three essential to research the station carrying capacity: Firstly, need to research the stations fastigium passing capacity, not a day;Secondly, need to study the integrative carrying capacity, namely researchingthe integrated station passing capacity which under the harmonizing between station throat and receiving-departure track operation;Thirdly, need to use combinatorial method to reflect the station passing capacity and the inscape of it.

在前三个章节分析的基础上总结出研究客运专线客运站通过能力的三个要点：一是要研究客运专线车站的高峰通过能力，而非一昼夜通过能力；二是要对客运专线车站通过能力进行一体化研究，即要研究咽喉能力和到发线能力的密切配合下客运站的最终通过能力；三是要以组合能力的概念和方法反映客运专线客运站的通过能力及能力构成的特点。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。