前后的

In this article, special emphasis is laid on level survey principle: under same between forword sight and backsight staffs, height difference between two points-for- word sight and backsight h=a-b.

本文着重论述了前后视标尺根值相等的水准测量原理：（1）前后视标尺所立之间相同时，前后视两点高差为：h＝a－b。

At first in the preliminary design this paper computes the linear damping coefficient of the viscous damper employed in this project using Composite Response Spectra approach, meantime, this paper proves that reducing the exponent of velocity of the piston can increase the magnitude of the dissipative energy, because of the viscous damper employed in the practical project character nonlinear behavior; next this chapter performs analysis and comparison between the building without and with the viscous dampers aforementioned when the building suffers from various Time Domain Response, from the angle of displacement, interstroy drift, velocity, interstory velocity, acceleration, energy, maximum axial force of the dampers and of the column etc., in order to prove that the incorporating the viscous dampers into the buildings has great superiority on enhancing its aseismic performance ; furthermore, this chapter also expatiates on diverse assembly form of the viscous dampers that results in the adverse impact on the internal force of the structural member in this building, on the ground of which this segment bring about the preference of the assembly form of the viscous damper; finally this chapter points out the sphere of application of the analysis and computation using Composite Response Spectra approach in design: it is available in well-proportioned stiffness structures and isn抰 available in the structures that contain weak story. It is recommendable, particularly, to incorporate the fluid viscous dampers into this structure that contain weak story to refrain earthquake and reinforce, such as the Central Hall of Shanghai Exhibition Hall.

首先使用了反应谱分析法设计出欲附设的粘滞阻尼器的线性阻尼系数，由于实际工程所用的粘滞阻尼器具有非线性的特性，故而笔者又证明了降低速度指数对提高粘滞阻尼器的耗能量的优势所在；接着分别从位移、层间位移、速度、层间速度、加速度、能量、最大阻尼出力和柱轴力等不同的角度对结构在附设粘滞阻尼器前后的时程反应进行了分析对比，籍此在实际工程中证明了附设粘滞阻尼器对于提高结构的抗震性能的优越性；再者，笔者还阐述了采用不同的粘滞阻尼器布置方式对结构中构件内力特别是柱轴力和基座竖向反力产生的不利影响，并在此基础上提出了布置方式的优选；最后，指出了反应谱法在设计中的适用范围：对于均匀结构反应谱法能够使用，而对于含有薄弱层的结构反应谱法并不适用；对于类似于上海展览馆中央大厅的含薄弱层的结构尤其值得使用粘滞阻尼器的方法进行抗震加固。

Results］Parameters of mediolateral ,medial and latera anteroposteriordimensions and the aspect ratio of the resect proximal tibia surface were obtained. The parameters were confirmed by statistics analysis.［Conclusion］The geometry and anatomy of the knee in Chinese people have significant differences from the western people.

结果］获取正常胫骨近端截面内外侧前后径、横径、前后径与横径的比值，内外侧前后径、横经、前后径与横径的比值在不同性别的差异具有统计学意义，内外侧前后径、前后径与横径的比值在不同截骨面高度的差异具有统计学意义。

The paper sees Horton code as a primary characteristic value and generalizing condition of the river network, and selects, simplifies and generalizes river based on scale of before and after generalization,, The main contents of paper include:(1)Reviews generalization concept, arithmetic operators, methods, influence factor and frame of map generalization and design, analyze core theory of feature —oriented map generalization, discuss the main context and applicable method of river feature generalization(2) Summarizes natural form and spatial configuration characteristic of the river network, and describe the river network using digraph Paper mostly researches tree —like river, identifies the direction of river based on the angle of the main and secondary reach, and identifies the main river based on most length and predominant continuation of the flow direction along the major channel , then receives the grade of river by recursion and structuralize river network, builds hiberarchy rank system of river based on Horton coding(3)Designs the model of river network based on Horton code, and organizes the data of node, branch and river.

本论文把Horton编码作为水系网的一个主要特征值并以此作为综合条件，并根据综合前后的比例尺对水系网进行选取、化简和概括。论文的主要工作包括：(1)总结地图综合的概念、算子分解、实现方法、主要影响因素和总体设计框架，分析面向地理特征的制图综合的核心理论支撑，在此基础上讨论水系专题要素综合的主要内容和综合适用的方法。(2)总结水系网的自然形态和空间结构特征，用图论对水系网进行描述。以树状水系作为主要研究对象，依据树状水系的主支流交汇关系确定水系流向，依据水系中主流的长度最长和主流保持原有的流向趋势确定主流，按此递归得到河流的不同级别，对基于河段组织的水系网结构化，自动建立水系的Horton编码。(3)设计基于Horton码的水系网模型，对结点、河段、河流和河系的数据进行有效的组织。

It is stated in the dissertation that the anthropological and ethnological perspective makes possible an adequate understanding of the collection's advanced anthropological and ethnological implications, so that we can make out the significant differences between The new Versions and the other two collections, and probe into the uniqueness of The New Versions that remains unimitated and unparalleled in the 20th-century Chinese literature.

首先是对《故事新编》研究的历史回顾，在对《故事新编》诞生前后的最初的评论，五、六十年代的政治革命视角中的《故事新编》研究和八十年代以来的思想和文化视角中的《故事新编》研究的——梳理过程中，推出九十年代以来出现的人类学与民族学视角的《故事新编》研究。

First, this paper presents three girders model with double cable planes which main girder and side girder is connected by rigid arms, analyzes the dynamic characteristic of Yonghe cable-stayed bridge and obtains its natural vibration modes (i.e., frequency, damping values and the mode shapes ) by ANLSIS structural analysis program and uses these parameters as dynamic dactylogram of the intact case of cable-stayed bridge. Using the passage of random as the ambient vibration ,the dynamic properties of Yonghe Bridge is measured and the modal parameter of its 15 years after is identified and used as dynamic dactylogram of the damaged case. By the finite element analysis and locale vibration test, damaged and undamaged modal parameter is analyzed and curvature mode shape, which is sensitive to damage state, is introduced as possible candidate for identifying and locating damage in the cable-stayed bridge. Selecting the branch of part measured point from modal parameter, this paper deduces the damaged index which can detect the possible damaged location of the cable-stayed bridge deck and identifies the damaged region and degree for Yonghe Bridge. For the purpose of structural condition monitoring in in-situ , from another viewpoint, this paper introduces the method called the best optimization vector to detect damaged location and degree. The accuracy and reliability of the method presented in this paper are demonstrated by static analysis and test and the healthy state of Yonghe Bridge can be evaluated.

建立了双索面通过刚臂与主梁及边梁相连的三梁式力学模型，采用ANSYS结构分析程序对永和斜拉桥进行动力分析，对其振动模态参数进行识别，以此作为斜拉桥完好状态下的动力&指纹&；采用自由交通流作为环境振源，对永和斜拉桥动力特性进行测试，识别出永和斜拉桥使用15年后的模态参数，确立了破损状态下的动力&指纹&；利用有限元分析、现场振动测试，对破损前后的模态参数进行分析，提取对破损状况较敏感的模态曲率作为斜拉桥破损诊断的参数；并从模态参数中选取部分点的分量，导出可以指示斜拉桥桥面大概损伤位置的Index损伤指标，识别出斜拉桥发生破损的区段及破损程度；考虑大型斜拉桥在线监测要求识别破损的具体位置，从另一角度提出采用最优矢量法具体确定破损发生的位置及程度；为验证本文研究成果，对永和斜拉桥进行静力分析及静力测试，对其健康状况提出可靠的评价。

Early in 1995, in his "Desire" series where red and blue lines come in strong contrast with each other, Ma Yiping instinctively used his personal experience to drop a hint of the transcendence of life. From 1996 to 2001, his "Images" series established the development direction of his art, owing to its artistic expression_r_r of overloaded psychological priori images. In his works before or after 2003, dream-like symbolic images presented perplexed feeling of human beings about the universe and the physical world. In his "images" series in 2006, uncertain images stood on black cube-shaped objects and ambiguous edges pointed to various uncertain directions with the accompaniment of silver light and shadow. At this point, the intuitive perception of the essence of nature made his artistic style gradually take shape. In his later "fetish" series, in which he gradually became mature in spiritual and symbolic expression_r_rs, Ma Yiping fully grasped the eternal sense of the spiritual world.

在早期，1995年的《欲望》马一平用对比强烈的红色、蓝色层层涂盖、本能地运用自身感受以暗示的手法表达对生命的超越。1996-2001年以物象为主题的系列作品对超载心理先验物象的表达方式确定了他艺术作品的发展方向，2003年前后的作品中，梦一般的暗示性物体程现了生命本体对宇宙物理世界的茫然，在2006年的《物象》系列中，黑色的方体上不确定的物状、模糊的边缘在泛着银色光影的衬托下，泛生着各种不确定的指向感，此时对本质直观的感知性的把握使作品艺术风格基本形成，到后来的《神物》已经充分地把握了精神世界里的永恒感，画面中所能达到的精神性和神密暗示意义的表现手法已近成熟。

Yet almost everybody recognizes that the season's character transcends those familiar bracing days, crystal nights, bigger stars, vaulted skies, fluted twilights, harvest moons, frosted pumpkins and that riotous foliage that impels whole traffic jams of leaf freaks up into New England (even though Columnist Russell Baker has reminded them that "if you've seen 1 billion leaves, you've seen them all").

然而几乎每个人都认识季节的个性超越那些熟悉者宜人的每天，水晶的夜晚、较大的星、有圆顶的天空、笛声的曙光，秋分前后的满月，复着霜南瓜而且驱使叶的整个塞车的引起骚扰的树叶变得焦燥在进入新英格兰之内上面。

It introduces China pharmaceutical industry's characters and problems and then analyzes influence factors from the macroscopically, interspaced and microscopically views. Chapter four is the empirical research part in this paper. It introduces the principal of appraisal index and the choosing of the indexes. Then it introduces the building of model and its disposal method in Spss. To get a clear view of principal components analysis the paper analyzes the differentiate and connection between PCA and factor analysis. In this basement, the paper introduces the disposal process and results of the model. The paper then improves the model with entropy right method to eliminate the portrait diversity of data. To validate the model's stability, the paper makes a significance test of the four results.

第四章是本文的实证研究部分，首先介绍了评价指标选取的原则和指标的确定；然后介绍了模型的构建及其在spss中的处理原理，由于主成分分析法不能在spss中直接实现，且其原理和操作都易与因子分析相混淆，所以本节首先分析了主成分分析法和因子分析法的区别和联系，在此基础上描述了怎样在spss的因子分析的基础上利用主成分分析法进行投资价值评价模型的数据处理；然后介绍了模型的数据处理过程和输出结果，随后利用熵权法对模型做了进一步改进，消除了数据间的纵向差异性，并对改进前后的输出结果进行显著性检验，以验证模型的稳定性。

The result showed that the strong storm followed by mesoscale squall line was primary cause of strong sandstorm producing, steps and ladders short wave trough of 500 hPa was great criterion triggering system for the mesoscale squall line producing, the essential dynamic condition was provided by distortion field and the mesoscale low pressure of 700 hPa for the strong sandstorm forming and maintaining in mid-west of Hexi Corridor, the deep vertical circulation development condition was basic power that urged squall line to occur and sand dust to curl up, which was provided for the deep convection development by superimposition of lifting movement before ground cold front and ascendant current of secondary circulation in upper air jet entrance region, temperature and the barometric gradient around the cold front was enlarged by enhancement of ground thermal low and temperature diurnalvariation of afternoon, by which essential thermal energy unstable condition was provided for the gale and strong sandstorm eruption, the strong sandstorm appeared in downstream of -200 m^2s^(-2) center of vertical helicity, the vertical helicity had good instruction significance for development of squall line and landing region of sandstorm, the mesoscale squall line occurred in unstable stratification, basic condition of potential energy transforming as kinetic energy was provided by strong unstable stratification for the strong sandstorm forming and developing.

结果表明：中尺度飑线所伴随的强风暴是产生强沙尘暴的主要原因；500 hPa阶梯短波槽是中尺度飑线产生的大尺度触发系统，河西走廊中西部700 hp变形场、中尺度低压为强沙尘暴形成和维持提供了必要的动力条件；地面冷锋前上升运动与高空急流入口区次级环流的上升气流的叠加，为深对流发展提供了深厚的垂直环流发展条件，是促使飑线发生和沙尘卷起的基本动力；地面热低压的加强和午后气温的日变化加大了冷锋前后的温度和气压梯度，为大风、强沙尘暴爆发提供了必要的热力不稳定条件；强沙尘暴出现在垂直螺旋度为－200平方公尺/s^2中心的下游，垂直螺旋度对飑线的发展和沙尘暴的落区具有较好的指示意义；中尺度飑线发生在不稳定层结内，较强的不稳定层结为强沙尘暴形成、发展提供了位能转化为动能的基本条件。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。