刺激神经

Different sacral nerve roots have different dominative effects to bladder smooth muscle. It is meaningful for patients of spinal cord injury to improve their urination function by performing artificially electric stimulation for emiction through the main nerve roots controlling of bladder or rebuilding artificial bladder reflex arc by neurorrhaphy

不同的骶神经根对膀胱平滑肌的支配效能不同，利用膀胱平滑肌的主要支配神经根进行人工电刺激排尿或通过神经吻合重建人工膀胱反射弧，对提高脊髓损伤患者的膀胱排尿功能有一定的意义。

Neural microelectrode is a key component in whatever visual prostheses for electrical stimulation of nerves or record of neural signals.

神经微电极是视觉假体系统中的重要部件，具有对神经进行电刺激并记录神经信号的重要作用。

The results were as follows:The pituitary of Long-snout catfish included adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis have six-cell types in common,i.e adrenocorticotro-phs,lactot-rophs,somatotrophs,gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and Melanotroph cells. In neurohypophysis, there were three types of neurosecretory fibres, types A1,A2 and B.There were different typesgranules in type A neurosecretory fibres axone.In type B neurosecretory fibres axone, there were many small transparent vesicles.

结果表明：长吻魷脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体两个部分，腺垂体组织中有六种分泌细胞即促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、催乳激素分泌细胞、生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素分泌细胞；神经垂体组织中存在A型(A_1、A_2)和B型神经分泌纤维，A型分泌纤维轴突中具有不同类型的分泌颗粒，B型分泌纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。

The results were as follows: The pituitary of Long-snout catfish included adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis have six-cell types in common,i.e adrenocorticotro-phs,lactot-rophs,somatotrophs,gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and Melanotroph cells. In neurohypophysis, there were three types of neurosecretory fibres, types A1,A2 and B.There were different types'granules in type A neurosecretory fibres axone.In type B neurosecretory fibres axone, there were many small transparent vesicles.

结果表明：长吻魷脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体两个部分，腺垂体组织中有六种分泌细胞即促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、催乳激素分泌细胞、生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素分泌细胞；神经垂体组织中存在A型(A_1、A_2)和B型神经分泌纤维，A型分泌纤维轴突中具有不同类型的分泌颗粒，B型分泌纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。

Moreover, using the intracerebral injection of LTA to evaluate the direct effect of LTA on developing microglia, we showed that ramified microglia labelled with OX-42 or ED-1 progressively retracted their processes then became amoeboid form, indicating that microglia were activated in response to LTA.

另外，利用脑内注射脂壁酸来探讨脂壁酸直接刺激小神经胶细胞的反应，结果显示在注射处有些受OX-42和ED-1标志的分枝状小神经胶细胞，渐渐的收回突起转变成圆形，显示小神经胶细胞有被活化的情况。

Essential hypertension caused by neurovascular compression of the left ventrolateral medulla was associated with malbalance of vasomotor center in the dorsal medulla. The possible pathogenesis was the following:① An irritation of the left RVLM by pulsatile compression of an ectatic vessel would increase activity of central sympathetic neuron.② Neurovascular compression at the REZ of the cranial nerves Ⅸ and Ⅹ decreased excitation of parasympathetic nerve.③ Decreased sensitivity of afferent inputs to neuron of nucleus tractus solitarii in the sensory area lead to hyperactivity of central sympathetic nervous system due to pulsatile compression of the left RVLM.④ Neurocompression of the left RVLM and REZ in the left cranial nerves Ⅸ and Ⅹ lead to an overactivity of central renin angiotensin system.

3，结论：左侧延髓腹外侧Ⅸ、Ⅹ颅神经REZ动脉血管压迫所导致的高血压的发生与左侧延髓血管运动中枢对血压的调节失衡有关，其可能机制是：①左侧RVLM在搏动性血管压迫刺激下，中枢交感神经元活性增高；②左侧Ⅸ、Ⅹ颅神经REZ受压导致副交感神经兴奋性降低；③感受区孤束核神经元接受迷走神经传入冲动的敏感性减低，导致中枢交感神经活性增高；④左侧RVLM及Ⅸ、Ⅹ颅神经REZ受压引起中枢RAS活性增加。

Third, it has a discussion on the development of modern and traditional artificial neural network technology and their application in image processing. It summaries that the model of the Pulse-coupled neural network based on Elkhorn's model of the cat visual cortex was constructed according to the mammalian vision systems. The nonlinear modulation property, which is a generic and pervasive biological pulse-coupling mechanism, is used in the construction of PCNN. So, PCNN finds many applications in image processing, including segmentation, edge extraction et al. As all known, the performance of the image segmentation depends not only directly on the adjustment of PCNN parameters and the statistical properties of image but also on the cyclic iteration times N of PCNN. If the parameters have been properly set, it turns out to be essential to select a suitable criterion to determine N.

回顾了神经网络技术的现状，指出传统人工神经网络只利用了生物神经元有限的属性进行模型构建，而90年代产生的脉冲耦合神经网络充分利用了哺乳动物视神经网络特有属性，其神经元模型除了考虑生物神经元特有的线性相加、兴奋与抑制属性外，还考虑到生物神经元特有的非线性相乘调制耦合特性；考虑了哺乳动物视神经系统视野受到适当刺激时，相邻连接神经元同步激发产生35Hz～70Hz振荡脉冲串特性等，所以PCNN网络模型更靠近真实生物视觉特性，特别是哺乳动物视神经网络，特别适合计算机图像处理应用，尤其在生物细胞图像分割、图像平滑、降噪及图像中目标的分类、计数等方面的研究。

The function of musculocutaneous nerve , suprascapular nerve and radial nerve were examined.

电刺激6个月后观察肌皮神经、肩胛上神经及桡神经的功能恢复情况。

The experimental study of dog sacral nerve distribution and its influence on lower urinary tract function:For further understanding of the distribution of dog sacral nerve in bladder, urinea and penis, and in order to set up theoretical basis for selective sacral nerve rhizotomy in treating spastic bladder after spinal cord injury, 12 dogs were respectively given electrical stimulation to S 1 3 nerve roots and the contraction of musculus sphincter urethrae and detrusor urinae, the change of bladder pressure and penis erection were examined and recorded.

犬肪神经对下尿路的支曰及功能影响的实验研究：为进一步明确犬骰神经对膀耽、尿道及阴茎的支配情况，并为选择性骰神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀眈寻找理论依据，我们电刺激12条家犬的S；－／经根，通过尿流动力学检查及电生理检测来观察其逼尿肌、括约肌的收缩及阴茎勃起情况。

Methods:An em bedding audio-frequency electric stimulator was used in the rabbit's sciatic nerve defect bridged with auto genous FTMG.The graft appearance and vascular growth of its surface were observe d at 4,8 and 12 weeks post-operation respectively.

在自体冻融骨骼肌移植体桥接兔坐骨神经1.0 cm缺损时应用全置入式音频电刺激器，分别在4，8，12周观察移植体外形及表面血管情况，神经组织学，神经电生理，神经免疫组织化学和透射电镜等指标。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。