刺激物

According to the gallus colony stimulating factor(colony-stimulating factor,CSF)cDNA sequences published by GenBank,a pairs of specific primer was designed,the local dorking was injected 100 μg/mL ConA,total RNA was extracted from feeding 24 hours lymphocyte from spleen,then dorking colony stimulating factorcDNA fragment was cloned by RT-PCR technology.

根据GenBank中报道的红原锦鸡集落刺激因子(Colony-stimulatingfactor，CSF)cDNA序列，利用Primer Premier5.0软件设计一对特异性引物，对本地肉鸡注射100μg/mL ConA试剂，饲养24 h后，取脾脏提取淋巴细胞总RNA，利用RT-PCR技术克隆集落刺激因子的cDNA片段。

According to the gallus colony stimulating factor (colony-stimulating factor, CSF) cDNA sequences published by GenBank, a pairs of specific primer was designed, the local dorking was injected 100 μg/mL ConA, total RNA was extracted from feeding 24 hours lymphocyte from spleen, then dorking colony stimulating factor cDNA fragment was cloned by RT-PCR technology.

根据GenBank中报道的红原锦鸡集落刺激因子(Colony-stimulatingfactor， CSF)cDNA序列，利用Primer Premier5.0软件设计一对特异性引物，对本地肉鸡注射100μg/mL ConA试剂，饲养24 h后，取脾脏提取淋巴细胞总RNA，利用RT-PCR技术克隆集落刺激因子的cDNA片段。

The results indicated that the types and contents of amino acids examined were different in these root exudates.

研究结果表明：感病品种根系分泌物能够刺激胞囊的孵化，而抗病品种根系分泌物对胞囊的孵化未表现明显刺激作用。

A549 cell line was stimulated with LPS (10 μg/mL) and then treated with Rs504393 (10 μg/mL) for 6 hours. ALI model was established with intranasal administration of LPS (5 mg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice. RS504393 (5 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before LPS dripped nasally. IL-8, IL-1β, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-2, and the expressions of CCR1 and CCR2b were studied by using Realtime-RT-PCR, ELISA and cyto-flowmetry.

体外实验选用A549细胞系，应用LPS(10μg/mL)刺激合并RS504393(10μg/mL)治疗6 h后，流式细胞仪技术检测CCR1和CCR2的表达，ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液内白介素-8的浓度；体内实验选用C57BL/6J小鼠，腹腔注射RS504393(5 mg/kg)预处理30 min后经鼻滴入JPS(5 mg/kg)，LPS刺激4 h后收集BALF和肺脏标本，计数BALF内细胞总数，应用BCA法检测BALF内蛋白浓度，Realtime-RT PCR和ELISA法检测BALF和肺脏IL-1β、凝血酶原激活物抑制物-1和单核细胞趋化蛋白-2的表达。

CD8~+ cell is the main T lymphocyte subset in spleen, and B lymphocyte mainly is IgG~+ cell, moreover the amount of these B lymphocytes could exceed CD3~+ T lymphocyte subset after 7 days. CD8~+ cell is the main T lymphocyte subset in tonsil of appendix, and B lymphocyte is IgM~+ cell, and the amount could exceed CD3~+ T lymphocytes after 35 days. After 21 days, B lymphocytes in esophago tonsil are the main IgA~+ cells and the amount exceeds CD3~+ lymphocytes. The amount of CD4~+ lymphocytes is more than CD8+ lymphocytes.4. CD3~+、CD4~+ and CD8~+ T lymphocytes in spleen mainly distribute in periarterial lymphoid sheath. However IgM~+、IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells mainly distribute in ellipsoid periarterial lymphoid sheath and germinal center. T lymphocytes in appendix tonsil mainly distribute in middle and inferior part of mucous and the B lymphocytes mainly in middle and mucous between 4~7 days. Whereafter T, B lymphocytes equably distribute in mucous. CD4~+ cells arrange tightly and mainly occupy the central part in aggregates of T lymphocytes in esophago tonsil and CD8~+ lymphocytes mainly distribute in periphery. Meanwhile B lymphocytes encircle the periphery of aggregates of T lymphocytes. The aggregates of B lymphocytes is mainly the germinal center with lots of IgM~+、IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells. Meanwihle T lymphocytes encircle the periphery of aggregates of B lymphocytes.5. There is an intimate relationship between the development of tissue structure of peripheral immune organs and lymphcytopoiesis. The maturation of tissue structure is stimulated by the immigration of lymphocytes and the mature tissue structure provides place where lymphocytes grow mature and functionate.

脾脏在21日龄时达到稳定，食管扁桃体和盲肠扁桃体均在35日龄时达到稳定；脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群以CD8~+细胞为主，B淋巴细胞则以IgG~+细胞为主，并在7日龄后数量超过CD3~+T淋巴细胞；盲肠扁桃体中T淋巴细胞亚群以CD8~+细胞为主，B淋巴细胞以IgM~+细胞为主，并在35日龄后数量超过CD3~+T淋巴细胞；21日龄后，食管扁桃体中B淋巴细胞以IgA~+细胞为主，数量超过CD3~+细胞，CD4~+细胞的数量多于CD8~+细胞。4、在T、B淋巴细胞组织定位方面，脾脏中CD3~+、CD4~+和CD8~+T淋巴细胞主要分布在动脉周围淋巴鞘中，而IgM~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞主要分布在椭球周围淋巴鞘和生发中心中；4～7日龄时，盲肠扁桃体中T淋巴细胞主要分布在粘膜固有层的中下部区域，而B淋巴细胞则主要分布在中上部区域，随后各日龄T、B淋巴细胞均匀地分布在粘膜固有层中；在食管扁桃体的T淋巴细胞聚集物中，CD4~+细胞紧密排列，主要占据中央部位，CD8~+细胞主要散布在外周，同时B淋巴细胞又环绕在整个T淋巴细胞聚集物的外周；B淋巴细胞聚集物主要为生发中心，其中存在大量IgM~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞，同时T淋巴细胞又环绕在整个B淋巴细胞聚集物的外周。5、外周免疫器官的组织结构发育和淋巴细胞发生之间存在密切的关系，淋巴细胞迁入淋巴器官刺激组织结构的发育成熟，同时成熟的组织结构又为淋巴细胞发育成熟并行使功能活动提供场所。

Methods Granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factors and interleukin 4 were used to cultivate DC from peripheral blood of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.Tumor associated antigen extracted from human liver cancer HepG2 cell line was used to activate the DC,which will initiate homogenic T lymphocyte to form cytotoxic T lymphocyte.HepG2 cells were transplanted to the nude mice and were treated with CTL.Expression of PCNA in tumor cells was evaluated.

联合应用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子及白介素-4(IL-4)直接从肝癌患者外周血中培养出DC；以源于人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞的肿瘤抗原粗提物刺激DC；DC激活同源的T淋巴细胞产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞；建立人肝癌细胞系HepG2裸鼠移植瘤模型；CTL治疗人肝癌细胞系HepG2裸鼠移植瘤；检测移植瘤标本肿瘤细胞PCNA表达水平。

Perception notion is relating to psychological counterparts acting in the brain's physiology, also experienced as the stimulus'self nature in psychology.

知觉概念是活动在大脑中生理力的心理对应物，在心理上被体验为刺激物本身的性质，因此，视知觉概念是活动在大脑视中心的那些生理力的心理对应物。

A cough is a reflex action to clear the airways of mucus, phlegm, irritants or a foreign body.

咳嗽是一种反射行动，以清除呼吸道粘液，痰，刺激物或异物。

Differential threshold: The minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli it called the differential threshold, or the just noticeable difference.

差别感受阈限：刚刚能够察觉的刺激物的最小差别量被称为差别感觉阈限，或最小差别感受阈限。

Glacial acetic acid is a dehydrating agent and an irritant and is corrosive.

冰醋酸是个脱水代理及刺激物和腐蚀。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。