刺激剂

AIM: To investigate the effect of PD98059, a specific repressor of extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), on the proliferation of the murine lymphocytes. METHODS: Lymphocytes were isolated from lymphoid nodes of BALB/c mouse. After stained with carboxy fluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester, the cells were stimulated with polyclonal activators, concanavalin and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate plus ionomycin.

分离小鼠淋巴结细胞，藉羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸染色，用多克隆刺激剂刀豆A蛋白或者佛波醇酯加离子霉素刺激，以流式细胞术分析PD98059对淋巴细胞增殖的影响；利用碘化丙锭染色分析PD98059对细胞周期的影响。

METHODS: After stimulated with Con A, T cells were treated with different concentrations of TMB-8 alone and its combination with cyclosporine A. The expression of CD69, the early marker of CD3(superscript +) T cell activation, was measured by FACS. The proliferation-related index was determined by carboxyl fluorescin diacetate succinmidyl ester flow cytometry. The cell-cycle distribution was analyzed by propidium iodide staining.

以Con A作为T细胞活化、增殖的刺激剂，以不同浓度的TMB-8及与环孢菌素A联合作用于该系统，用流式细胞术检测T细胞早期活化标志CD69分子的表达；以活体染料羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸染色流式细胞术，分析TMB-8在Con A刺激下小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖相关指数；以碘化丙啶染色分析细胞周期的分布情况。

Methods: The model of evaluating T cell proliferation stimulated with polyclonal activators, ConA was established by vital dye carboxyl fluorescin diacetate succinmidyl ester labeling technique. The effect of a specific inhibitor for p38 MAPK, SB253580, on T cell proliferation on different doses and in different time was estimated by flow cytometry. At the same time, the percentage of proliferating T cells and proliferation index were measured by CellQuest and SPSS10.0 for Windows softwares.

以活体染料羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯染色，建立了在多克隆刺激剂刀豆蛋白A刺激下评价小鼠T细胞增殖的模型，通过流式细胞术分析p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的特异性抑制剂SB203580在不同剂量、不同时间对T细胞增殖的作用，并应用CellQuest和SPSS10.0 for Windows软件分析增殖细胞各代所占比例和增殖指数。

Methods: A model to evaluate lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with a polyclonal activator, concanavalin A, was established by vital dye carboxyl fluorescin diacetate succinmidyl ester labeling technique. Effects of the different doses of anisomycin on the lymphocyte proliferation were estimated by flow cytometry and MTT methods. The propidium iodide labeling technique was applied to assay the effect of the different doses of anisomycin on changes of the lymphocyte cell-cycle stimulated by ConA or by phorbol ester plus Ionomycin. The percentage of the expression level of CD69 and CD25 on the activated lymphocytes was evaluated by fluorescin-conjugated monoclonal antibody double labeling technique.

以活体染料羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯染色，建立在多克隆刺激剂刀豆蛋白A刺激下评价小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的模型，通过流式细胞术和MTT法分析茴香霉素在不同剂量下对淋巴细胞增殖的作用；采用碘化丙锭染色分析茴香霉素对ConA或佛波醇酯加离子霉素刺激的小鼠淋巴细胞周期变化的作用；利用荧光标记的单克隆抗体双染技术和流式细胞术观察茴香霉素对小鼠CD3~+T细胞早期及中期活化标志分子CD69和CD25表达的影响。

OERPs with stimulus isoamyl acetate(＜1648 ppm), and air control wereobtained in volunteers.

以醋酸异戊酯为嗅觉刺激剂对受试者进行嗅觉事件相关电位测试。

It's a common ingredient in over-the-counter decongestants and prescription medications for bronchial asthma, among other products. Mahuang is also used alone or in combination with other herbal compounds in nonprescription dieting aids, and as a legal way to get high, often under the label "herbal ecstasy." But a lengthening list of adverse effects has led several countries to ban nonprescription uses, and the United States may soon join them.

它是治疗支气管哮喘的减充血药的常见成分（麻黄作为非处方食品辅助剂经常被单独使用或和其它草药结合使用，是一种法律允许使用的中枢神经系统刺激剂，通常称为狂喜草，但是由于一系列的副作用，一些国家已经禁止非处方使用此药，美国可能很快也会这么做。）。

Mylabris phalerata, Meloidae family of Coleoptera, has been known since antiquity to produce a potent toxic defensive agent, known as cantharidin (exo,exo-2,3-dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride), but well-known as Spanish Fly. In the past, Cantharidin has used as anticancer, herbicidal, pesticide and treatment of hepatic carcinoma and molluscum contagiosum activities.

斑蝥为翘翅目芫青科斑芫青属的昆虫，主要成分为斑蝥素(Cantharidin； exo，exo-2，3-Dimethyl- 7-oxabicyclo [2，2，1] heptane-2，3-dicarboxylic anhydride)，研究中指出斑蝥素具有发泡、抗肿瘤的作用，或当作除草剂、杀虫剂、毛发生长刺激剂，目前临床上则用於治疗原发性肝癌及传染性疣。

One of the potential advantages of the hypoxia-induced factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approach to anemia therapy over ESA is improved regulation of iron absorption and iron recycling to improve the efficiency of iron utilization, partially via a mechanism of hepcidin suppression, to overcome functional iron deficiency.

用作贫血治疗的缺氧诱导因子脯氨酰羟基化酶抑制剂相对于红细胞生成作用刺激剂的一个优势是铁吸收和铁再利用的调节得到改善，提高了铁利用的效率，尤其是通过铁调节蛋白抑制机制，克服功能性铁缺乏。

There are several other little-used counterirritants, such as allyl isothiocyanate, histamine, methyl nicotinate, stronger ammonia water, and turpentine oil.

还有其他一些很少使用的抗刺激剂，如烯丙基异硫氰酸酯，组胺，甲基烟酸，更强的氨水和松节油。

Other research is looking at how disulfiram, an indirect dopamine agonist, might be useful to treat cocaine addiction. By inhibiting the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine, disulfiram reverses stimulant-induced dopamine deficiency, Dr. Kosten explained.

Kosten医师解释，其他研究针对disulfiram是如何作用的，这是一个间接多巴胺致效剂，可能可以有效地治疗成瘾；透过抑制多巴胺贝他水解酵素，这个酵素将多巴胺转换成正肾上腺素，disulfiram逆转刺激剂诱发的多巴胺缺乏。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。