制造业的

Among manufacturing enterprises , purchase cost account for 50%-70% of enterprise's total cost.

在制造业企业中，采购成本占企业总运营成本的50%～70%。

Listed companies in the manufacturing sector is the largest listed companies in Shanghai group of companies covering more than half of listed companies in Shanghai, from the overall perspective, the manufacturing sector in 2008 listed companies in the first three quarters year-on-year revenue 28% growth in net profit year-on-year increase of 16%, but the third quarter revenues increased 22 percent year-on-year, performance actually fell 16 percent,"Made in China" is facing a substantial decline in the performance situation.

制造业上市公司是全球最大的上市公司在上海的面积超过了上市公司在上海的一半集团公司从总体上看，2008年制造业中列出的今年前三季度公司同期收入的28％，净利润同期增长同比增长16％，但第三季度的收入增长了百分之二十二去年同期相比，性能反而下降了百分之十六，"在中国制造"正面临重大在性能下降的情况。

The combination of modern information technology and management technology and their application in the field of manufacture make the interlocal and cross-frontier collaboration among enterprises possible, which provides powerful support for the share and reusage of knowledge, resource, information and process under the environment of distributional manufacture.

现代信息技术与管理技术的结合以及在制造业研究领域中的广泛应用，使企业之间跨地区、跨行业的协作成为可能，为分布式制造环境下企业知识、资源、信息和过程的高度共享和重用提供了有力的支持，在提高企业综合竞争力并促进制造业发展的同时也规范了企业间既竞争又合作的自身行为。

In incorporation with Jilin province science and technology department item "Study of Industry Technological Advance Systemic Effect and Frame of Jilin Province industry Technology Incidence Establishment", about national interindustry incidence relation ,research is carried out in the paper as follows:On the base of national 1997 years input-output production table ,figures out direct consumption matrix of coefficients and matrices of middle input rate.

本文结合吉林省科学技术厅课题《产业技术进步系统效应及吉林省产业技术关联表编制框架研究》对我国的产业关联关系做了如下研究：在我国1997年投入产出表的数据基础上，计算出直接消耗系数矩阵及中间投入率矩阵，并将图分析法用于产业间关联关系的研究中；在计算完全消耗系数矩阵后，计算出各产业部门的感应度系数和影响力系数，并做了波及效果分析；本文经过对各种测算技术进步方法的比较，首次采用前沿生产函数中的数据包络分析方法分析投入产出模型中的产业间技术关联；机械设备制造业具有较高的物质关联性和技术关联性，同时波及效果显著，把含有高新技术的机械设备制造业作为主导产业发展，可以提高整个工业的技术装备水平。

The demand for labor force has been continuingly increased with the fast development of Chinese economy.

随着中国经济的快速发展，对劳动力的需求持续增加，与此同时，劳动力的成本也水涨船高，2007年，对于身处加工制造业密集的中国广东珠三角地区的企业来说，更是迎来了一个新的挑战：&民工荒&，尽管相对以前的年份，企业给了员工相对较高的加薪幅度，但员工的跳槽现象却是愈演愈烈，根据笔者在制造业企业多年的管理经验，对薪酬的不满意是导致员工离职的首要原因，因此，本论文的主要目的是针对各种层次的一线员工，调查其对目前薪酬的看法，从中寻找提高一线员工薪酬满意度的方法，并因此降低企业的一线员工离职率，减少企业的用工成本，为企业提供切实可行的参考意见。

The implementing process of TI in EMS is partitioned into two periods including product conception development and product technology development. The model of product conception development is built which is composed of demands identifying, technological modules identifying and conception appraisement. In the period of product technology development, the identification model of knowledge on new product is constructed at first. Enterprises should beware of selection and integration of the relative domain-specific knowledge, and do product innovation continuously by product platform approach based on the integration of outer technology resource efficiently. The view is put forward that Chinese EMI enterprises should do TI with self-innovation, and only by this way could enterprises build undependent technological capability and keeping product innovation continuously.

针对复杂产品概念设计过程建立由需求识别、技术模块明晰和评价反馈二部分组成的产品概念设计模型，认为成功的产品概念设计是经过以上流程所最终确定的；产品技术开发阶段，首先建立了新产品技术知识的识别模型；企业在产品技术开发过程中应该注意领域知识的选择与集成，在有效利用外部技术源的基础上，实现基于产品平台的产品创新；以大连机车车辆厂、哈尔滨电机厂等我国知名装备制造业企业为例，提出我国装备制造业企业在应用技术集成方法过程中，应该注重将技术集成与自主创新近性有机结合，以期有效突破企业产品技术发展过程中的瓶颈，实现产品技术的持续创新。

Result of this study by the multidimensional scaling and ridge regression model shows:(1) the trajectory of IC manufacture industry technology development measurement by patent development is incremental path, and there is being isomorphism among the firms,(2) the advantage will make the firm profit by sustaining exploitation, including accumulation and creation of patent which is positive relationship with firm performance,(3) the firm's performance of seeking relative diversification of innovation activities is better than one of seeking unrelative,(4) the performance of semiconductor industry is related to industry standardization, and division of labor.

透过多元尺度(Multidimensional Scaling；MDS)法与脊回归模型，本文发现：(1)以专利为衡量基础的IC制造业技术发展路径系采渐进式，且厂商间存著同形聚落的情况，(2)具持续性的优势才能使厂商获利，包含专利的累积、创造等与厂商绩效间具有正向关系，(3)追求创新活动相关多元化的厂商绩效相对优於非相关多元化厂商，(4)IC制造业绩效与产业标准、专业分工有关。

Taking the fierce competition of Automobile Industry, the character of the modern Supply Chain and the disadvantages of the old Supply Modul into account, the modern Automobile Industry needs advanced Supply Management to suit it.

在结合整车制造企业竞争的现状、现代轿车制造业供应链的特点和轿车制造业传统采购模式弊病的基础上，论述了现代轿车业的发展必然需要全新的采购管理理念与之相适应。

In the latter part of the Middle Ages, the towns of Italy and Flanders, the free cities of Germany, and some towns of France and England,contained a large and energetic population of artisans, and many rich burghers, whose wealth had been acquired by manufacturing industry, or by trading in the produce of such industry.

在中世纪后期，意大利和佛兰德的市镇、德国的自由城、法国和英国的某些市镇，住有大批精力旺盛的工匠，以及很多富有的自由民。这些人的财富是靠制造业或买卖制造业产品获得的。

Along with industrial environment globalization, liberalization, international market competition day by day intense , Internet fast development, as well as the current global finance storm causes integrity not booming under, the low gross profit, zero gross profit and the growth slow challenge, is even transport business predicament which present many manufacturing industries face, many manages the expert also to propose regarding this states opinion, the entrepreneur should manage purely the thought pattern from the past only emphatically in the product manufacturing traditional manufacturing industry, transformed thoroughly for plans and carries out the strategy manufacture service industry by the customer idea and the viewpoint.

中文摘要随著产业环境全球化、自由化、国际市场竞争日趋激烈以及网际网路的快速发展，以及当前全球金融风暴引起的全面性不景气之下，低毛利甚至零毛利与成长迟缓之挑战，是目前许多制造业所面临的营运窘境，诸多管理专家对此也提出建言，业者应将管理思维模式从过去只单纯著重於产品生产制造的传统制造业，彻底转变为由顾客想法与观点去规划和执行策略的制造服务业。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。