制裁

That may be the first instance of sanctions failing, but there are plenty of more recent cases. In the 20th century they were used ever more often, especially by American presidents and lawmakers. Franklin Roosevelt tried sanctions on Japan in 1940. Dwight Eisenhower smacked them on Britain in 1956 to end the Suez venture. Jimmy Carter punished the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1980 with a wheat embargo and an Olympic boycott. Ronald Reagan imposed them in protest at martial law in Poland. Congress, too, came to see sanctions as an easy, cheap way of expressing ire. In 1996, for example, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Vanuatu and Venezuela were all under American embargo for beastliness to whales or dolphins.

这也许是历史上第一次制裁失败的实例，但近年来的例子却不胜枚举。20世纪，人们越加频繁的使用制裁手段，美国的总统和立法者们对此更是情有独钟。1940年，罗斯福制裁日本；1956年，艾森豪威尔为解决苏伊士运河危机对英国实施制裁；1980年，为惩罚苏联入侵阿富汗，卡特决定对苏联实施小麦禁运并抵制当年在莫斯科举办的奥运会；里根为抗议波兰颁布《军管法》而制裁波兰；美国国会也将之视为一个表达愤怒的便捷之径。1996年，伯利兹、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、意大利、日本、墨西哥、巴拿马、瓦努阿图和委内瑞拉因他们猎杀鲸鱼和海豚的残忍行为而遭到美国制裁。

Franklin Roosevelt tried sanctions on Japan in 1940. Dwight Eisenhower smacked them on Britain in 1956 to end the Suez venture. Jimmy Carter punished the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1980 with a wheat embargo and an Olympic boycott. Ronald Reagan imposed them in protest at martial law in Poland. Congress, too, came to see sanctions as an easy, cheap way of expressing ire. In 1996, for example, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Vanuatu and Venezuela were all under American embargo for beastliness to whales or dolphins.

1940年，罗斯福制裁日本；1956年，艾森豪威尔为解决苏伊士运河危机对英国实施制裁；1980年，为惩罚苏联入侵阿富汗，卡特决定对苏联实施粮食禁运并抵制当年在莫斯科举办的奥运会；里根为抗议波兰颁布《军管法》而制裁波兰；美国国会也将之视为一个表达愤怒的便捷之径。1996年，伯利兹、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、意大利、日本、墨西哥、巴拿马、瓦努阿图和委内瑞拉因他们猎杀鲸鱼和海豚的残忍行为而遭到美国制裁。

South Korea's president, Lee Myung-bak, announced punitive measures against North Korea in response to the North's sinking of one of the South's warships in March, in which 46 sailors were killed. Trade with the North is to be cut severely, sea lanes closed and propaganda will once again be blasted over the border.

今年3月，朝鲜在争议水域击沉韩国军舰，造成46名海员死亡，日前韩国总统李明博对此作出回应，宣布对朝鲜实施制裁，制裁措施包括切断与朝鲜的交易往来、关闭朝韩海运通道、重新使用安装在边界的扬声器进行政治宣传。

Are highly dependent on applications satellites. With the development of times and technology, the strategic instruments of the US global hegemonism transform are changing from export control, trade embargo, finance sanction, full-scale sanction, no-fly zone for aircrafts to NSLZ, and even the military strike from the outer space. By using them concertedly, the US can prevent and control the effective flow of material, personnel, currency, labor and information in or out of other nation in the four dimensions of land, sea, sky and electromagnetism.

随着时代和技术发展，美国全球霸权主义战略工具逐渐从出口管制、贸易禁运、金融制裁、全面制裁、飞机禁飞区、发展到"卫星禁发区"直至自外空进行军事打击，多种手段相配合就能够有效阻止和控制别国陆、海、空、天、电磁四维空间中的物资、人员、货币、劳务、信息的国际、国内有效流动。

Economic sanctions is a kind of constricted economic behavior, which is done by multifactors for political aims.

经济制裁是由多元化的行为主体，为实现某类政治目标，对被制裁方实施的具有强制性特征的经济行为。

Therefore, we should carry out some effective punishment. However, as the U.S. is our largest import partner and the biggest creditor nation of China, we can hardly punish them in trading or finance. It is difficult to punish the United States culturally, as Chinese students account for a major percentage of overseas students in the U.S. Besides, we need to learn their advanced sciences and technologies

在贸易上，我们无力主动制裁美国，因为他们是我们最大的进口国；在金融上，我们不便贸然制裁它，因为我们是他们最大的债权国；在军事上，我们无力像俄罗斯那样，在美国后院部署战略轰炸机；在民间文化交流上，我们也不愿制裁美国，因为中国人留学选择去美国的最多，而且我们还要学习他们的先进科技。

Extraterritorial economic sanctions have been an important means of U.S. economic sanctions since the end of World War II.

域外经济制裁是美国对外经济制裁的一种重要方式。20世纪80年代以来，特别是在两极格局解体后，美国域外经济制裁一度空前增加。

In Penology, the function of punishment means the inevitable connection between the crime and the criminal sanctions, at this angle, the economic sanctions under the UN have no function of punishment; in Science of Civil Law, punishment, which is defined in the punishing ...

刑法学关于惩罚功能的精髓是在刑事不法行为与刑事制裁之间建立必然联系，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不具有惩罚功能；民法学在"惩罚性赔偿"的定义中，将惩罚界定为"对不法行为者施加的'害'大于不法行为本身导致的'害'，而不是等于或大致等于不法行为本身导致的'害'"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不一定具有惩罚功能；法理学认为"惩罚"就是"施加不利"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁应该具有惩罚功能因素。

We determine and decree that the prelates of France, chapters of churches and monasteries, and laymen favouring them, of whatever rank they may be, even royal, who approve or falsely use the said sanction, together with each and every other person thinking, either individually or in a group, that this sanction is to his advantage, be warned and cited, within a definite adequate term to be established, by a public edict -- which is to be fixed on the doors of the churches of Milan, Asti and Pavia, since a safe approach to France is not available -- that they are to appear before us and the aforesaid council and declare the reasons why the said sanction and its corrupting effect and misuse in matters concerning the authority, dignity and unity of the Roman church and the apostolic see, and the violation of sacred canons and of ecclesiastical freedom, ought not to be declared and judged null and void and be abrogated, and why those so warned and cited should not be restrained and held as if they had been warned and cited in person.

我们决定和命令，主教的法国，各章的教堂和修道院，并有利於这些外行人，无论职级，他们可能是，即使王室，谁批准或虚假地表示，制裁的使用，以及每一个其他人的思维，要么单独或在一组，这一制裁是自己的优势，给予警告，并指出，在充分肯定长期设立，由一个公共的法令-这是被固定在门教堂米兰，阿斯蒂和帕维亚，因为安全的办法，法国无法使用-他们是摆在我们面前出现的上述理事会，并宣布的原因说，制裁和其腐蚀作用和滥用有关的事项的权力，尊严和团结的罗马教会和使徒见，侵犯神圣的信条和宗教的自由，不应该被宣布和判断无效的，应予废除，为什麼这些所谓警告，并提到不应当加以限制和举行，好像他们已经警告和中提到的人。

Although the aforesaid sanction should clearly be subject to nullity on many counts, and was supporting and preserving open schism, and therefore it could have been declared to be essentially of no effect, null and invalid, without the need for any preceding formal citation, yet, from a great sense of caution, our same predecessor Julius, by a public edict -- which was to be fixed to the church doors of Milan, Asti and Pavia, since there was then no safe access to France -gave warning and summoned the prelates of France, the chapters of churches and monasteries, the parlements and the layfolk supporting them and making use of the said sanction, and each and all of the rest who were thinking that there was some advantage for them in the foregoing individually or collectively, to appear before him and the said council within a fixed period, which was then clearly stated, and to declare the reasons why the aforesaid sanction, and its corruptive and abusive effect in matters touching on the authority of the Roman church and the sacred canons, and on the violation of ecclesiastical liberty should not be declared null and invalid.

虽然上述制裁显然应受无效在许多方面，并支持和维护开放的分裂，因此，它可以被宣布为基本上没有影响，是完全无效的，而不需要任何前正式引文，但从高度的谨慎，我们同前任朱利，由公共法令-这是将固定在教堂大门米兰，阿斯提和帕维亚，因为当时没有任何安全进入法国了警告，并召见主教的法国，各章的教堂和修道院，在parlements和layfolk支持他们，并利用上述制裁，每个和所有其余谁被认为有一些优势，他们在上述单独或集体，到他面前，并说，安理会在固定期限内，然后明确规定，并宣布了上述原因的制裁，它的腐败和滥用影响的事项涉及的权威和罗马教会的神圣大炮，以及对违反教会自由不应被宣告无效。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷