制度化

The tracing of the knowledge structure of the Ancient Judge can depart from three different points:firstly,the knowledge having been possessed before one became judge,which can be examined in the subjects and their contents of the imperial examinations;secondly,the professional knowledge necessary for an ancient judge to carry out his job,which can be known by studying the empanelment of Ancient Judge and the basic requirement of the subjects tested;thirdly,the knowledge tropism of Ancient Judge as a whole,which can be understood by analyzing how the state and judge clear up the judicial risks.

探寻刑官的知识结构，可以从三个角度出发：其一是刑官任官前的一般知识储备，这可以从科举考试的科目及内容出发；其二是刑官行使职权所需要的专业性知识，这可以从国家对各级刑官制度化的选任和考课的基本要求来分析；其三是刑官总体的知识取向，这可以从国家和刑官本人如何消解司法风险来分析。

It is necessary to set up a supervising team which is willing to serve the people, govern by law incorruptibly, efficiently and enterprisingly, cultivate service workers with de votion and creativity, perfect regulations and rules to institutionalize management, and stress government by law; to bring the enthusiasm of the service staff into play by incentive systems; to socialize rear serice with a set direction and according to local conditions courageously and gradually; to establish a quiet, safe and harmonious educational environment centered around students to contribute to their free, vivacious and active development, which will result in the achievement of the targets of "Three services",and "Two Developments" for rear service administration.

因此，通过建立一支服务型、法制型、廉政型、效能型、开拓型的后勤管理干部队伍和一支爱岗敬业、乐于奉献、勇于创新的后勤员工队伍，完善规章制度，实现管理制度化，强化依法治校，充分发挥利益驱动的杠杆作用，调动广大后勤干部、职工的积极性。大胆开拓，把握方向，因地制宜，逐步推行后勤服务社会化；坚持以学生本，建立一个安静、安全、和谐的育人环境，促进学生自由、生动、活泼地发展，实现后勤管理工作&三服务&&两育人&的目标。

It is an objective psychological guarantee system in view of psychology, is a result of utilitarian calculations, and an institutionally and structurally operative system in view of managerial science.

可以这样认为，契约型政府信任关系是在对社会制度和治理秩序的主观设计和建构中历史生成的，从哲学的角度看，它经历了一个从怀疑主义到契约论的过程；从心理学的角度看，它为与国家二元分立中的社会提供了一种客观性的心理保障机制；从经济学的角度看，它是个体功利性计算的集体选择；从管理学的角度看，它的制度化具有组织化的可操作性。

Compliance with many decisions of DSB was lengthily delayed or could not even been finished, which not only directly threatened the legitimacy of DSB but also weakened the efficiency of the entire WTO system.

虽然WTO创立了一套更司法化制度化的争议解决机制，但是新的机制并未能解决在原有GATT争议解决机制下存在的裁决执行不力的问题，许多案件长时间的拖延履行或不能履行直接威胁到了DSB的权威性，也削弱了整个WTO体制的有效运作。

The Institution is the combination of different norms and regulations while institutional ethics is a kind of institutional arrangement of a series of norms and regulations made by coordinating the moralization of institutions and the institutionalization of morality.

制度是规则的集合，制度伦理则是制度的道德性与道德的制度化相协调的一系列规范和规则的制度安排。

Institutional ethics involves neither the "moralization of institutions" nor the "institutionalization of morals."

制度伦理既不是什么&制度的伦理化&，也不是什么&伦理的制度化&，而是对制度的伦理分析。

Strengthening the Party's governing abilities is a pressing need for CPC to adapt to the world and the age,and it is a process to make Party's framework,function,mechanism and activities scientifically,normatively,institutionally.

党的执政能力的提高就是党适应社会和时代的需要，使党的自身结构、功能、机制和活动方式科学化、规范化、制度化的过程。

The rising of the Greek Olympic Festival lied on the ground of the society transformation in the early citystate period. The regular running and extensive development of the Festival revealed that the Greek world showed great interest to the Panhellenic sphere.

奥林匹亚节的兴起要归于城邦时代之初的社会转型环境，它的制度化与规模化运作则体现了希腊世界对泛希腊公共空间的关注。

He argues that while some changes have led to institutionalization, further reforms are blocked by personalistic authority.

他认为虽然一些变化导致了制度化，但是个性化的权威阻碍了进一步的改革。

In order to ravel out these issues, the author presents a basic resolution in this dissertation, that is, to improve the components of the authorization system that are reasonable and adaptable to China and to overcome the malpractice of the authorization system through institutionalizing; to advance the reform of government management; to push the reform of three groups of elements by building a matching system between financial capacity and public services responsibility, to change the all-round authorization to selective authorization, to stimulate the combination of selective recentralization, felicitous authorization and rational decentralization of power, and ultimately to realize institutional decentralization.

为了解决这些问题，本文提出了对授权体制改革的基本思路：通过制度化建设，提升授权体制的合理因素和适合国情的成份，克服授权体制的弊端，着力进行政府管理层面的改革；以构建政府间财力与公共服务职责相互匹配的体制为突破口，统筹推进三组要素的改革，变整体授权为有选择的分类分层次授权，推进选择性集权、适当授权和合理分权的有机结合，最终实现制度性分权。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。