制定

Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures

第八款 国会有权规定并徵收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税，用以偿付国债并为合众国的共同防御和全民福利提供经费；但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税，在合众国内应划一徵收；以合众国的信用举债；管理与外国的、州与州间的，以及对印第安部落的贸易；制定在合众国内一致适用的归化条例，和有关破产的一致适用的法律；铸造货币，调议其价值，并厘定外币价值，以及制定度量衡的标准

"Case law" always connotes judge-made law, while "common law" in contrast depending on the meaning intended describes either the judge-made law in common law subject matters or, more extensively, all judge-made law.

&判例法&通常指&法官造法&，而&普通法&相对是指普通法具体案例上法官制定的法律，或指法官制定的所有法律的总称-取决于意图指向。

After becoming a member ofthe WTO, China will open service areas suchas banking, insurance, telecommunication,foreign trade, domestic trade, tourism stepby step, formulate uniform, standard andtransparent investment access policy, intensifyefforts to enact and perfect relevant foreignrelated laws and regulations, improve thelevel of administration according to lawin foreign related economic work, establishand perfect the foreign economic and traderegime consistent with the internationalprevailing rules and actual situation inChina.

加入世贸组织后，中国将有步骤地开放银行、保险、电信、外贸、内贸、旅游等服务领域，制定统一、规范、透明的投资准入政策，抓紧制定和完善相关涉外法律法规，提高涉外经济工作依法行政水平，建立健全符合国际通行规则和我国国情的对外经济贸易体制。

International , governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation.

制定工作。与IEC有联系的任何国际、政府和非官方组织也可以参加国际标准的制定。

Aiming at the general problems of function safety in chemical industry, the author introduces function safety assessment standards IEC61508 and IEC61511 established by IEC (International Electric Committee), describes their background, objectives, system structure, and how to use these standards to quantitatively analyze the safety and automatic mis-stop of Safety Instrumented System in petrochemical industry.

针对石化行业普遍存在的功能安全问题，笔者以国际电工学会专门制定的功能安全评定标准IEC61508及IEC61511为指导，介绍其标准制定的背景、目的、体系结构以及如何利用标准开展石化行业安全联锁系统(Safety Instrumented System， SIS)的安全与误跳车定量分析。

In February 2000,U S A worked out the strategy of National Nanometre Technology, which evoked worldwide repercussions . Japan and Europe also successively worked out their development program of NT.

20 0 0年 2月美国制定了&国家纳米技术战略&，引起世界各国的巨大反响，日本、欧洲的工业先进国家先后制定了纳米技术发展规划。

Asset valuation of our country began later than western countries, although develops quickly, but compare with the developed countries it still exist many differences in above-mentioned aspects:Purpose of evaluation are limited, the main purpose of patent valuation in our country are for the patent property's cost amortisation, trade and investment, besides, neglecting the purpose of patent evaluation a service management and litigation;The application of evaluation theories are subjected to a limit, the method we commonly use is income method, the world well-known evaluation organizations pay more attention to a lately theoretical application;Evaluation standards are established lagard, on the countrary, the International Valuation Standards, The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice and the European Valuation Standards were all established very early,and have already become a careful and reasonable structure system after emendations, but the valuation standards of China does't shows the relation between accounting standards now, demand of valuators' responsibility are too brief, having no restriction to definitude the type of value, and the regulation of valuation methods of Intangible Assets is not comprehensive;The lawmaking isn't complete, our country has no complete lawmaking to carry on rules and regulations to the non-cash's property, patent infringement control are inadequate, and excessively restrict patent property contributed form.

我国资产评估行业起步较晚，虽然发展迅速，但经比较研究发现，在上述方面与发达国家仍存在很大差异：评估目的相对狭窄，我国主要以专利资产成本摊销、交易和投资为目的进行评估，忽视了专利服务管理和诉讼为目的的评估；评估理论应用受限，我国主要应用收益法，世界知名评估机构更注重新理论的应用；评估准则制定落后，无论是国际评估准则、美国评估准则还是欧洲评估准则，都制定较早，并多次修订已形成严密的结构体系，而我国在评估准则中未体现与会计准则的关系，对评估师执业责任的要求过于简练，没有对价值类型加以明确，对无形资产评估方法的规范也不详细；立法不完善，我国没有相对完善的立法对非现金出资进行规制，对专利侵权控制力不够、专利出资形式限制过多。

Everything in the company has a perfect managing program,and is carried out strictly as the requirement of the national "Trinity" quality managing standard,and the company created a series of project managenent,economical technology creativity,encouragement and examination system,the startings and completings of the projects have strict managing record and verifying material,and the company set its own enterprise figure managing system and network office system.

该公司的一切都有完美的管理程序，并按照国家'三一'质量管理标准严格贯彻执行；该公司制定了一系列的项目管理、经济技术创新、激励和考核系统；一个项目的开始到结束，有认真的管理记录和见证材料，，该公司制定有其自己企业形象管理系统和办公网络系统。

Convention on safety of Life At Sea(SOLAS 2002) and International Ship and Port Security Code are introduced in this paper . Third is anti-terror law on shipping safety of important shipping countries, for example USA .

三是海运大国制定的海运反恐法律，本文着重介绍了美国在&911&事件后制定的国际海运反恐法律和政策的主要内容，包括集装箱安全倡议、24小时舱单规则等，分析了各项措施对国际航运业的影响。

Through the process of designing the strategy of the certain shipping company under the comanagement of shipper and carrier, the paper proposed some general principle of designing strategies for all this kind of shipping companies.

本文通过对货主和承运人共同经营的某个具体航运公司的发展战略的制定，前瞻性的提出了这类公司的发展战略的制定的一般原则。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。