制图比例尺

The Traditional analog photogrammetric plotting and analytical mapping is not able to satisfy the need of basic spatial information production yet.

随着数字地图制图技术的逐步成熟，有必要研制开发适合多比例尺数字矢量地形图生产的数字测图系统。

the digitized mapping technique is to combine the field data collection system with the computer assisted mapping system in surveys by computer technology.it aims to realize the information collected and processed digitally and automaticaity.the digitized mapping technique can cut short the working time,lighten the labor intensity and enhance the precision of the productions.the system consists of three parts,such as data input,data processing and data output.the survey-record digitized mapping technique is widely used in the digitized mapping working pattern.for its superiority over traditional plane-table mapping in accuracy and efficiency,the large scale digital mapping is becoming more and more popular.compared with traditional analogue mapping,digital mapping has more quality control pivotai points,and its contents and methods are more complex.with the appearance of new technology gps ,the coordinate of different levels controlling points may be surveyed in high precision and it has been applied widely in topographic survey.the operation process of gps electronic tachometer is introduced and its application in topographic survey is br

计算机应用论文，计算机论文， rtk ，全站仪，数字测图，地形测量， gps论文摘要：数字测图是在测量工作中利用电子计算机技术将野外数据采集系统与内业机助制图系统相结合，其目标是实现信息采集处理的数字化、自动化、信息化。数字测图可以缩短作业时间，减轻劳动强度，提高成果精度。数字测图系统主要由数据输入、数据处理和数据输出3部分组成，数字测图作业模式中测记式数字测图应用最为广泛。大比例尺数字测图正以其测图精度高，成图速度快等优势逐步的取代传统的，以平板仪为主的模拟测图。与传统的模拟测图相比，数字测图的质量控制关键点更多、内容与方法更为复杂。gps 新技术的出现，可以高精度并快速地测定各级控制点的坐标，在地形测量中已得到广泛地应用。本文介绍了gps 配合全站仪的作业流程，简要阐明了其在地形测量中的应用。在利用实测数据成图的过程中，解决一些常见的问题，并给出解决的办法及依据，同时给出一些有益的结论，以适应实际使用的需要。

Computer aided compilation with small-scale relief map is a complicated piece of work. The control of the data precise is importance and difficulty. It is not only an important code to judge the map quality,but also important precaution to complete rnapping successfully.

小比例尺地貌图的计算机编制工作是一项复杂的工程，其中数据精度的控制是难点也是重点，它不仅是衡量地图作品质量好坏的一个重要标准，也是制图工作能否顺利进行的重要保障。

It is found that the internal relation between the wavelet method and multi-scale representation will determine the law by which the graphic information varies following the change of the scale. That work mark a new step towards the successful application of wavelet theory in the automatic map generalization and provide a new basis and mechanism for the multi-scale representation in GIS.

发现了小波理论与GIS图形数据多比例表达之间的内在联系，挖掘出GIS图形数据中一些信息随尺度的变化规律，因而为利用小波理论来解决GIS图形数据多比例尺表达中的问题作出了一些基础性工作，为GIS图形数据多比例尺表达和自动制图综合找到了新的数学机制和依据，使这项工作的在自动化、模型化、数量化、客观化的方向上又迈出一步。

Based on technical processing of high-resolution SPOT images and aerophotos, detailed mapping of offset landforms in combination with field examination and displacement measurement, and dating of offset geomorphic surfaces by using carbon fourteen (14C), cosmogenic nuclides (10Be 26Al) and thermoluminescence methods, the Holocene sinistral slip rates on different segments of the Altyn Tagh Fault are obtained. The slip rates reach 17.5 mm/a on the central and western segments west of Aksay Town, 11 mm/a on the Subei—Shibaocheng segment, 4.8 mm/a on the Sulehe segment and only 2.2 mm/a on the Kuantanshan segment, a easternmost segment of the ATF. The sudden change points for loss of sinistral slip rates are located at the Subei, Shibaocheng and Sulehe triple junctions where NW-trending active thrust faults splay from the ATF and propagate southeastward.

在高分辨率SPOT卫星数字影像和大比例尺航片处理、断错地貌制图、野外核实与位移测量基础上，利用宇宙成因核素（10Be、26Al）、碳十四（14C）和热释光等多种测年手段，厘定了各断错地貌面的形成年龄，得到了阿尔金断裂带不同段落全新世左旋走滑速率：阿克赛以西的中、西段左旋走滑速率可达17.5 mm/a，肃北—石包城段为11 mm/a左右，疏勒河口段减少到4.8mm/a左右，东端宽滩山段仅约2.2 mm/a，左旋走滑速率突变点位于阿尔金断裂带中东段存在分支活动逆断层向南东扩展的肃北、石包城和疏勒河等三联点上。

Based on the traditional theory of cartographic generalization,this paper has proposed a relatively systematic,scientific and practical model of quantity selection of spatial objects.

从理论上阐述了GIS环境下无级比例尺矢量数据信息压缩与复现的基本原理与方法，对地图制图综合的本质特征及空间地理信息量随比例尺变化的增减规律进行了系统的分析。

The paper sees Horton code as a primary characteristic value and generalizing condition of the river network, and selects, simplifies and generalizes river based on scale of before and after generalization,, The main contents of paper include:(1)Reviews generalization concept, arithmetic operators, methods, influence factor and frame of map generalization and design, analyze core theory of feature —oriented map generalization, discuss the main context and applicable method of river feature generalization(2) Summarizes natural form and spatial configuration characteristic of the river network, and describe the river network using digraph Paper mostly researches tree —like river, identifies the direction of river based on the angle of the main and secondary reach, and identifies the main river based on most length and predominant continuation of the flow direction along the major channel , then receives the grade of river by recursion and structuralize river network, builds hiberarchy rank system of river based on Horton coding(3)Designs the model of river network based on Horton code, and organizes the data of node, branch and river.

本论文把Horton编码作为水系网的一个主要特征值并以此作为综合条件，并根据综合前后的比例尺对水系网进行选取、化简和概括。论文的主要工作包括：(1)总结地图综合的概念、算子分解、实现方法、主要影响因素和总体设计框架，分析面向地理特征的制图综合的核心理论支撑，在此基础上讨论水系专题要素综合的主要内容和综合适用的方法。(2)总结水系网的自然形态和空间结构特征，用图论对水系网进行描述。以树状水系作为主要研究对象，依据树状水系的主支流交汇关系确定水系流向，依据水系中主流的长度最长和主流保持原有的流向趋势确定主流，按此递归得到河流的不同级别，对基于河段组织的水系网结构化，自动建立水系的Horton编码。(3)设计基于Horton码的水系网模型，对结点、河段、河流和河系的数据进行有效的组织。

Hence, it is a feasible new method worth extrapolating in soil survey and mapping.

应用该方法制作大比例尺土壤详图不失为土壤调查与制图领域一种可行的新方法。

Preliminary results show that the well-exposed relict UHP/HP eclogite-facies rocks, outlining a giant UHP/HP metamorphic belt in eastern China, provide a window into Triassic continental subduction/collision belt processes between the Yangtze craton in the south and the Sino-Korean craton in the north.

在大别-苏鲁区的30个关键位置，对UHP／HP变质岩进行详细构造解析、大比例尺（1：10000）制图并在区域尺度上进行观察和对比，以便揭示它们的构造几何学、变形条件和流变学演化。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了