到差

To the late 50s entered the computer photogrammetry, photogrammetry research areas has been greatly extended: If the analytical method aerial triangulation, on-line aerial triangulation, local area network adjustment, gross error detection theory, orthographic correction

到50年代末计算机开始进入摄影测量，摄影测量的研究领域得到了很大的扩展：如解析法空中三角测量、在线空中三角测量、区域网平差、粗差检测理论、正射纠正

Because the diffusive term is discretized with divided forward difference or divided backward difference according to the sign of convection velocity, these methods keep first order accuracy for diffusive term.

3.2考虑规则网格上的一维和二维定常型对流占优扩散问题，离散方法采用了有限体积方法及普通的有限差分方法，基本离散思想是将对流项提高到二阶精度，扩散项则根据对流速度的方向决定采用向前或向后差商离散。

In the pricing of a Bermudan CDSwaption, by assuming that the forward CDS credit spread are log-normally distributed, Tucker and Wei (2005) illustrate some of their applications and propose a binomial tree valuation model.

而在百慕达式 CDSwaption 的评价中，Tucker and Wei (2005)提出了二元树状模型，在 CDS 远期信用利差之分配为对数常态分配假设下得到近似解，然而在此假设之下，只能捕捉到远期信用利差报酬率分配之一阶动差和二阶动差的性质以致於评价的结果缺乏弹性。

The situation after the first M step is shown in plot, in which the mean of the blue Gaussian has moved to the mean of the data set, weighted by the probabilities of each data point belonging to the blue cluster, in other words it has moved to the centre of mass of the blue ink. Similarly, the covariance of the blue Gaussian is set equal to the covariance of the blue ink.

图显示了初始的 E 步骤，用红色表示用红色 component 产生的后验概率，蓝色也是同样的情况，还有一些不太确定的点是用紫色显示的，在图中蓝色的高斯的均值已经移到了蓝色数据集的中心上，类似的，蓝色高斯的协方差设为蓝色点的协方差。

Thereby, these facts indicate that the SDE not only have better statistic properties but also have uniformly smaller mean square errors than ANOVAE in an available group of linear mixed models. The other significative following work is to generalize the idea of SDE to multivariate linear mixed model and obtain the SDE of variance component matrices which uniformly dominate the ANOVAE either.

对于含有一个随机效应的混合模型，目前文献中都仅讨论了方差分量的谱分解估计和ANOVA估计等价的充要条件，本文首次给出了方差分量的谱分解估计在均方误差意义下严格的优于ANOVA估计的理论结果，并推广到广义谱分解估计，从而说明谱分解估计不仅较ANOVA估计有更好的统计性质，而且在一类常用的模型下有更小的风险损失。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The results show that: from the subcircuit that is furthest to the heat source to the nearest one,the stability of DRS becomes gradually worse;the stability of RRS is symmetrical,with the subcircuit in the middle of the pipe-network having the worst stability,while,the nearer to the two ends,the better the stability of the subcircuits is.

结果表明，异程系统从离热源最近的支路到最远支路，稳定性依次变差；同程系统的稳定性具有对称性，网路中部的支路稳定性最差，越往两端，支路的稳定性越好；从总体上讲，同程系统的稳定性差于异程系统。

For sheet-fed offset presses, plant height should be not less than 3. 5 m, apart from considering the height of the machine, you should have the height of the docurments underpan, scrolling the height of the steel tube (or the height of the 88 car activities), the height of the gantry and the height of the hoist, and so on, the best plant height of 4 m through 4. 2 m, height of less than 3 workshop. 5 metres, off off or more new equipment can occur when lifting into place.

差于单张纸胶印机来说，厂房低度答不超出3.5米，除了思考机械的低度边，还答有装箱底盘的低度、转不静钢惯的低度（或者勾当88小车的低度）、龙门架的低度和起轻葫芦的低度等，最坏的厂房低度为4米到4.2米，若厂房低度超出3.5米，差开或差开以上陈摆设起轻到位时会爆发便当。

In the space, along with increased distance from the main ore-controlling structures, the frequency of P type of pyrite and their thermoelectricity also decreased gradually. Within one lode, from the upper to the lower parts of an ore body, the vertical change of pyrite in thermoelectricity as the follows:① when the ore body is stable, that is when the ore body is uniformly and continuously mineralized, the Dp andαvalues keep increased from shallow to deeper parts;② when an ore body is discontinuously mineralized, the Dp andαvalues have a wavy increasing tendency from the shallow to the deeper;③ when the deeper part of an ore body contains abundant, Co and Ni high mafic dykes, the Dp andαvalues of pyrite decreased from the shallow to the deeper parts of an ore body, that is, an reversed zoning of pyrite thermoelectricity occurs for pyrite in this situation contain more Ni and Co and belongs to N type.④ For the deposits hosted in the Archean metamorphic rocks, because all of the pyrite in this case is N-type, the vertical change of pyrite is not featured by the transition of pyrite type, but by the increased values of Vnp and α from the shallow to deeper parts of an ore body.

在空间域上，水平分带规律为：随远离主干断裂，矿脉中P型的出现频率逐渐降低或热电系数值逐渐变小；在同一条矿脉中，这是由于矿化不均匀性及脉岩的影响，由矿体的上部到下部，它的垂向变化特征可以有如下几种变化形式：①由矿体的浅部到深部，黄铁矿的Dp值、或α值呈稳定升高的趋势时，矿体往往表现为矿化均匀，连续性好、延伸稳定；②由浅部到深部，黄铁矿的Dp值、α值呈波状变化，但总体又具有增大的趋势时，所在的矿体连续性差；③当矿脉的下部发育有大量的基性脉岩时，由于基性脉岩中常含有较高的Co、Ni，使其中黄铁矿的Co、Ni含量较高而呈N型导电，由矿体的上部到下部，黄铁矿的Dp值、α值呈减少的趋势，而造成黄铁矿热电性特征的逆向分带，④产于太古代变质岩中的中深脉状金矿，由于其中的黄铁矿均为N型导电，所以垂向变化规律并不表现为导型的改变，只是Vnp值或α值从矿体的上部到下部由小变大。

Beijing people's factory outside of an offset printing press, like the J2108B-colored using an offset printing press off plates before syndiospecific fits flowerpots up to size is also is known as told by the version of the heart to the printing plate is fitted; like JS2102-fits flowerpots up to white-sided off an offset printing press using the up and down from the position of the former syndiospecific size is the same as 4.5cm, which is the version of the heart to the edge of the plate approximatedas 4.5cm; however the same is double sided off monochrome offset printing machine using the up and down from the position of the former syndiospecific size is different, the first control on the edition size is 7.5cm, the next version of the dimensions of the location before the syndiospecific is 6cm.

北京百姓机械厂出产的差开胶印机，象J2108B型的单色差开胶印机它所用的印版后规尺寸的不退位是9cm，也不离是凡是所讲的版心到印版边际的间隔是9cm；象JS2102型的单色差开双面胶印机，它所用的上下印版的后规尺寸的不退位是不异的为4.5cm，即不离是版心到印版边际的间隔为4.5cm；但是同为双面差开单色胶印机，它所用的上下印版的后规尺寸的不退位不不异，上版的后规尺寸的不退位是7.5cm，下版的后规尺寸的不退位是6cm。

This brought fixed cost, but it also is meant at the same time use a source to won't make you singlehanded assume a problem.

这带来了一定的成本，但它同时也意味着使用开源不会让你独力承担问题。

He gained a small fortune in real estate.

他在房地产上发了一笔小财。