利益

Because traditional finance subject utmostly canonize the rational selected mode and methodology which keep the form of the financial interest need of the enterprise and its stockholders and the network of their financial relationship out of its analytic area, so liking the mainstream economics, traditional finance subject can not offer trustworthy explains to many financial affairs and can not prescribe the right policy prescription to the important financial problems, either. As a result of the logistic and realistic errors in the traditional mode, it will have an important and practical meaning to bring the new system principle into the analytic area of the financial subject and to develop the financial theory. The main points of this dissertation are as follows: The financial affairs of an enterprise are not the inner actions of the individual firm, but the function of the financial network of stockholders, so we should use the limit of the affairs not the inner property or inner driving force to interpret the financial affairs of an enterprise, we should use the method of circuital analysis not of individual analysis to investigate the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial affairs of an enterprise is a social behavior, it is involved in the social structure and is restricted by the social structure, so we should care for the social characters, social responsibilities and social effects of the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial network of stockholders is composed of five phases as follows: the finance of external stockholders, the finance of the operator, the finance of function, the finance of subsection and the finance of the stuff, in which the finance of the operator is dominant; The operational intensity and efficiency of the financial network of stockholders are influenced by technical factor as well as institutional factor, in which institutional factor is the fundamental character of financial affairs. Ultimately the substance of the financial affairs is the arrangement and operation for the financial system by stockholders; The relationship between enterprise and its stockholders is cooperative and conflicting. The important mechanism to solve the financial conflict between stockholders is the construction of the financial system, including the formal and informal system construction. Information and faith are the important mechanism to coordinate the financial conflict between stockholders, so we should pay much attention to the research of formal and informal system.

本文的主要观点是：企业财务行为不是企业个体内部的行为，而是利益相关者财务网络行为，因此应当用对行为的结构限制而不是企业个体的内在属性或内在驱力来解释企业的财务行为，用网络分析的方法而不是个体分析的方法研究企业财务行为；企业财务行为是一种社会行为，它嵌入于社会结构之中，受企业财务所处的社会结构的限定，因此应当关注企业财务行为的社会性质、社会责任和社会后果；利益相关者财务网络内含外部利益相关者财务、经营者财务、职能财务、分部财务和员工财务五个层次，其中经营者财务在其中占据主导地位；利益相关者财务网络的运作强度与运作效率既受技术性因素的影响，又受制度性因素的影响，其中制度性是财务的根本属性，企业财务的实质说到底还是面向利益相关者的一种财务制度性的安排与运作；企业与利益相关者之间以及利益相关者相互之间的财务关系具有合作性与冲突性，化解利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制是财务性的制度建设，包括正式制度建设与非正式制度建设，信息和信任是协调利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制，因此应当高度关注财务的正式和非正式制度的研究。

The article takes balancing all quarter copyright benefit as discussion entrance, analyses the questions of copyright benefit management, and proposes strategies to constructing benefit management mechanism of the digital copyright public interests management and the copyrighter's interests. in the end, the author thinks we should construct a kind of digital copyright benefit management mechanism which regards policy as a guide, takes the law as criterion, regards protection as the means, and takes utilization as goal, based on interests equilibrium. the management mechanism will stimulate creation, maintain interests fair, advance resources utilization, and promote culture art thriving.

文章以平衡各方利益为切入点，在分析当前数字版权利益管理中存在的问题的基础上，从数字版权的公众利益管理和数字版权人利益管理两方面入手，详细分析了各自管理机制构建策略，认为数字版权领域里应该构建一种以政策为先导、以法律为准绳、以利益平衡为基础、以合理保护为手段、以利用为目标的刺激创作、维护公平、推进共享、促进文化科学艺术繁荣的公众利益与私人利益和平共处的管理机制。

The article takes balancing all quarter copyright benefit as discussion entrance, analyses the questions of copyright benefit management, and proposes strategies to constructing benefit management mechanism of the digital copyright public interests management and the copyrighter抯 interests. In the end, the author thinks we should construct a kind of digital copyright benefit management mechanism which regards policy as a guide, takes the law as criterion, regards protection as the means, and takes utilization as goal, based on interests equilibrium. The management mechanism will stimulate creation, maintain interests fair, advance resources utilization, and promote culture art thriving.

文章以平衡各方利益为切入点，在分析当前数字版权利益管理中存在的问题的基础上，从数字版权的公众利益管理和数字版权人利益管理两方面入手，详细分析了各自管理机制构建策略，认为数字版权领域里应该构建一种以政策为先导、以法律为准绳、以利益平衡为基础、以合理保护为手段、以利用为目标的刺激创作、维护公平、推进共享、促进文化科学艺术繁荣的公众利益与私人利益和平共处的管理机制。

The author points out: Confidence is confidence in not man but system, humanity being vicious, a trustee must be restricted, duty restriction is not replaced by right regulation; Legal aim of restriction should be orientated at maximal benefit of beneficiary, in it, benefit subject is only beneficiary and doesn't included settlor and society, benefit content is physical but not spiritual; A bulk of restriction regulations are default-rule,but there are some mandatory rules, even if they are default-rule, they has mandatory character to some degree, therefore, the intention of settlor which precludes application of restriction regulation is restricted; Modern technique quality of restriction has trend of flexibility, this would be worthwhile approving because it can realize maximal benefit of beneficiary; Strict self-dealing rule doesn't accord with flexibility trend and should re-established.

本章认为，信任不是对人的信任而是对制度的信任，因人性恶的存在，必须对受托人施加约束，而义务约束则是规范中的权利不可替代的。有效约束的目标在于并应定位于受益人利益最大化，该目标的利益主体仅是受益人而不包括委托人和"社会"，利益内容是经济利益而不包括精神利益。本章还认为，约束规范虽然大部分是任意性规范，但也存在强制性规范，即使是任意性规范也具有一定的强制性品格，委托人随意排除的意思受到限制。本章还指出，现代义务约束趋向灵活化，这种技术品质更有利于实现受益人利益的最大化，因而值得肯定。严格的自我交易规则不符合灵活性趋势，应该加以重构。

During the first 30 years since Chinas foundation, the social interest structure was forming and remaining the singular interest body through a series of institutionalized administrative measures, which occupied the interest room. Though it remained relatively steady, it lacked the motive force of social development.

新中国成立后前30年的社会利益结构由于通过一系列制度化的行政措施形成并维持着一元利益主体，这种利益结构挤占了各利益主体的利益空间，虽然保持了结构的稳定，但缺乏社会发展的动力，这样的社会利益结构无法长久持续下去。

After the foundation of new China, the realization and improvement of the farmers' interest zigzagged forward generally with the Reform and Open-up to be a milestone for the two advancing stages of different speed.

经济利益是农民利益的核心，是农民其它利益的基础和前提，政治利益是经济利益的集中体现，影响和制约着经济、文化、社会利益的实现。

As an ancient country with five millennium glorious culture,Chinahas created the splendorous achievements in political,economic,and cultural domains,played the pivotal role for the world civilization.

在社会利益的庞大系统中，经济利益是社会的基本利益，政治利益是社会的核心利益，文化利益则是社会最高形态的利益。

Then the importance is t o firmly believe the specific substance of insurance interest in property insurance. In this base, I inquire into two lawful questions about insurance interest in property insurance such as stealage and theminus value of property.

首先阐述了财产保险利益的成立要件、表现形态；其次，在中国《保险法》未对财产保险利益的内容明确规定的情形下，将该部分重点落脚于对财产保险利益的具体认定，以深入理解财产保险利益；最后，在此基础上对财产保险利益中的两大疑难法律问题即被盗窃财产和价值为负数财产的保险利益问题进行了探讨，从而更深入准确地把握财产保险利益的内涵。

With flourishes of all kinds of profitable businesses in tourist attractions, the underlying interests have been floating on the surface, but problems regarding multi-stakeholders have also emerged, for example, neglecting the community interest demands, little interest from the local tourism development; supervision absent in protections of resources and environment; unorderly constructions in low class, sight pollution and so on; In the course of profit production in a scenic spot, conflicts frequently occur among government, investors, community residents, tourists, and the essential cause of those conflicts lies in interest-distribution imbalance.

随着旅游景区的各种盈利性经营活动的日益兴起，使得景区的潜在商业价值日益凸显，利益相关者的多元化问题也日益突出，隐藏着的利益矛盾和冲突也逐渐激化凸显出来，如社区居民利益需求的忽视，从旅游发展中获益有限；景区资源与环境保护及监督不力；杂乱、低水平的建筑及景观污染等。在景区创收过程中涉及到的政府部门、投资者、社区居民、旅游者等利益相关者之间的冲突和矛盾频频发生，这些冲突实质是各方利益相关者间利益分配的不平衡，体现了他们的利益关系的冲突。

The author, basing on the basic theories of insurable interest, studies some important theoretic questions of marine insurable interest, including what may amount to a marine insurable interest and when and to whom it should be required and how it should be recognized, transferred, terminated and classified; inquires into the insurable interest of several representative types of marine insurance contracts, including contract of marine insurance for Hulls, for the Carriage of Goods by Sea, for Freights, for Interests of Ships Mortgagees and for Liability; oppugns the provisions in insurance laws of our country on subject matter insured, double insurance and insurable interest.

为此，笔者以保险利益的基本理论为基础，对何种利益可以作为海上保险利益，具有海上保险利益的人和时间及海上保险利益应如何认定、移转、消灭和分类等一些重要理论问题进行了研究；对几种典型海上保险合同，包括船舶保险合同、海上货物运输保险合同、运费保险合同、船舶抵押权人利益保险合同及责任保险合同中的保险利益问题进行了探讨；并对我国保险立法中关于保险标的、重复保险及保险利益的规定提出了质疑。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。