判断标准

Hierarchical linear modeling is the most frequently used technique for analyzing multilevel data. In this paper, the twelve key issues in multilevel research and/or using HLM software were reviewed, and provided their exact meanings and feasible solutions. The 12 key issues included intraclass correlation coefficient, sample sizes, formation of organizational constructs, centering problems, fixed effect and random effect, estimation methods, goodness of fit index, explained variation, multicollinearity, robust standard error, level one variance equation, and empirical Bayes estimates.

本文针对阶层线性模式在多层次研究上有关於技术、测量与方法论所遭遇的问题，进行文献整理并讨论其实务意涵，并依据使用时机、抽样议题、资料汇总、分析方法、与模式评估与估算等五方面整理出十二项重要议题与解决之道，包括：组内相关系数的意义与判断准则、多层次研究各层的样本数问题、变数聚合成组织层次问题、中心化的意义、固定效果与随机效果的设定、估计法的选择、适配度的比较、解释变异量的计算、多元共线性的分析、强韧性标准误、第一层误差项变异数与实证贝氏估计值的运用。

Methods Quality control sera with low, medium and high determined values were prepared and tested with a set of SCAg reagents for 20 batches and times.

制备质量控制低、中、高3种定值血清，用SCAg试剂经20批次测定绘制质控图，按WHO评价标准判断可信度；用批量QC血清插入血吸虫病现场与普查的样本中用SCAg试剂检测，在流行区实验室间进行单盲测试；对不同感染程度的血吸虫病流行区及非流行区采集的未知样本的EQA批量检测；用急性感染血清观察SCAg试剂检测的Hook效应。

Are reflection and self-communion with the standard that whether will judge a language is dynamic language they have distinction?

反射与 自省都是用来判断一个语言是否是动态语言的标准他们有区别吗？

The unique trait of the japonica——pragmatism thought, plays an important role in the course of assimilating different cultures, and influences the evolution of Japanese culture greatly. Regarding the Japanese basic cultures as the reference system, such as the emperor of Japan, Shintoism and so on; taking"usefulness"as a cultural value judgement and decision criteria; distorting foreign cultures by its own value standards.

在吸收异质文化的过程中，日本民族特有的实用主义的思维特征贯穿始终，并且在质的方面影响着日本文化的演进，以"有用性"作为文化价值判断与取舍的标准，以天皇制、神道教等日本基础文化作为参照系，以日本民族自己的价值取向使之变异。

There are three main methods in face localization: localization according to face outline, localization according to complexion and localization according to templates constructed by some standard sample images. As to feature extraction, it can be divided into two parts because face features can be divided into geometrical features and algebraic features. While extracting geometrical features, the features of eyes, nose, mouth, eyebrows can be gained by some image processes: binary, sharpen, smooth, projection, calculating gradient and so on. In order to extract algebraic features, we can do some mathematical transformation for the digital images such as singular value decomposition, K-L transformation.

在人脸检测部分，目前存在的方法有利用人脸的几何轮廓进行检测、利用人脸的肤色信息进行检测、构造标准人脸模板进行匹配检测等等；在人脸特征提取部分，可以用一些图像处理的方法如投影、二值化、求梯度图像等提取人脸中各特征器官如眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴等的几何特征，另外也可以借助于数学变换，求取人脸图像的一些代数特征，如对图像进行奇异值分解，以奇异值代表图象的特征，或对图像进行K-L变换，以图像在构造的特征空间上的投影系数作为图像的特征等；在识别部分，可以通过距离度量或相似度来判断输入图像与样本图像的匹配程度，还可以通过神经网络方法进行人脸的识别。

Methods artificially give sound of standard oral mandarin using self-made tone test table which contains 64 monosyllable and spondee words, to judge tone discrimination rates of 28 cochlear implant recipients and 20 age-matching normal young children. the test works out on-limits in a listening and repeating way, and the results are determined jointly by the auditory researcher, the examinee's family member and his speech training teacher.

编制含单字词及双字词共64个的《声调测试词表》，标准普通话口语给声，用听说复述法对28名植入人工耳蜗的先天性聋儿及20名同龄正常儿童的声调辨别率进行开放项测试，由听力师、聋儿亲属及语训老师共同判断儿童的辨别结果。

The beginning of this article gives the definition of elliptic curve, ellipse standard equation, and the long axis of oval, short, with an area of the formula of a binary quadratic equation of the circumstances under which the judge said to provide the basis of an oval, as well as the conditions in this the long axis of the ellipse, short, with an area of what is the formula?

本文开始给出了椭圆曲线的定义，椭圆的标准方程，及椭圆的长轴，短轴，面积公式，对一个二元二次方程在什么情况下表示椭圆提供了判断依据，以及在此条件下的椭圆的长轴，短轴，面积公式是什么？

Then, it becomes question how to determine fault, by what standard, and in what form.

那么，如何认定过错，判断过错的标准是什么，其形式如何。

The concept of suability is for the legalact.The suability of administrative act,which is one of the fundamental standards to distinguish the administrvtive act,means that the administrative act of administrative subject will be reviewed by courts at certain circumstances.This was ignored in the academic fields of our state in the past.

可诉性是指法律行为的可诉性，行政行为的可诉性是指行政主体作出的行政行为在一定条件下可诉诸法院司法审查的一种本质属性，这是判断行政行为的一个根本标准；过去，我国学界对行政行为特性的认识却忽视了这一点。

The concept of suability is for the legal act.The suability of administrative act,which is one of the fundamental standards to distinguish the administrvtive act,means that the administrative act of administrative subject will be reviewed by courts at certain circumstances.This was ignored in the academic fields of our state in the past.

可诉性是指法律行为的可诉性，行政行为的可诉性是指行政主体作出的行政行为在一定条件下可诉诸法院司法审查的一种本质属性，这是判断行政行为的一个根本标准；过去，我国学界对行政行为特性的认识却忽视了这一点。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。