判例

Liability in administrative indemnity of civil servants is an important part in state compensation and relates to private party,civil servant and administrative subject.In France,the system has experienced a aeries of development and formed the system in which the center is"individual fault"and permits private party to ask compensations.It has confirmed every detailed system through a aeries of cases.It is also very easy to deal with and has reached a radical balance of legitimate and efficiency.

公务员行政赔偿责任涉及到行政相对人、公务员和行政主体三方的关系，是国家赔偿制度的重要组成部分，法国公务员行政赔偿责任制度历经发展，形成了以&个人过错&为核心的、允许行政相对人直接向公务员求偿的行政赔偿责任制度，并通过一系列判例确认了各项具体制度，易于操作，达到了合法性与效率之问的理性与平衡。

In that landmark case, the Supreme Court said students had a First Amendment right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War.

那个当年的判例支持学生使用宪法第一修正案赋予的权力带上黑色袖标抗议政府发动越战。

The fact that it is one of very few Dutch cases dealt with in the first volume of Van Gerven's Ius commune casebooks for the common law of Europe, may have contributed to its influence on Norwegian and Scottish law.

这一事实——它是荷兰案例中极少与 Van Gerven 为欧洲普通法所做的法律评论判例第一卷一致的论题［59］——已经影响了挪威和苏格兰的法律。

The **ct that it is one of very few Dutch cases dealt with in the first volume of Van Gerven's Ius commune casebooks for the common law of Europe, may have contributed to its influence on Norwegian and Scottish law.

这一事实——它是荷兰案例中极少与Van Gerven为欧洲普通法所做的法律评论判例第一卷一致的论题［59］——已经影响了挪威和苏格兰的法律。

According to the precedent established in the Spanish-American War cessions of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and Cuba, it is clear that the "Military government of the principal occupying power continues until legally supplanted."

根据割让波多黎各、关岛、菲律宾和古巴的西班牙-美国战争而建立的判例，显然可见「主要占领权的军事政府，持续到实施具法律效力之替代方案为止」。

Secondly, the author analyzes the many factors, such as precedents and continuums, vague and indeterminate legal terms, psycological considerations and social factors, which are especial ly conducive to s 1 id ing down s lopes in judiciary fields, thus, emphasizes that SSAs can provide courts and judges sufficient reasons to resist a certain action or policy as well as influence the ways by which judges make their decisions.

其次，作者在分析司法实践中导致滑坡的诸多因素，如判例和族相、模糊法律概念、心理和社会因素等的基础上，强调指出经验滑坡论能为法院和法官提供抵制某种行为或政策的理由，并影响法官制作判决书的方式。

In this way, case law is not only judge-made but also "attorney –influenced "law, We can say that the common law is the law that is created daily through the interaction of judges and attorneys in the courtrooms across the United States at all levels ,from local courts to the U.

在某种程度上，判例法并不仅仅是法院制定的法，而且也&律师影响下的法&我们可以说，普通法是法院和律师在各级法院的法庭上的互动产物。

Although there is no case law on the matter in either State, relevant cases from England suggest that these child destruction provisions might protect foetuses as early as 22-23 weeks of pregnancy.

虽然没有判例法就此事无论国家、来自英格兰的有关情况表明，这些规定可能摧毁儿童保护胎儿早在怀孕22-23周。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害&死者人格&的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的&名义上的精神损害&，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

The bulk of American contract law is judge-made case law.

美国合同法的大部分是由法官创制的判例法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。