判例

The rights and duties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute or common law.

某一侵权中所包含的与义务，或基于法令条例，或基于判例法而产生。

Having developed for more than 100 years, America n anti-trust law, famous for its sternness, has formed a relatively perfect system, in which many important principles and systems have been set up through the cases of different periods.

以严厉而著称的美国反托拉斯法，经过一百多年的发展演变，已经形成了比较完备的体系，其中许多重要的原则和制度都是通过不同时期的判例确立的。

More recently, the Court has extended Storer to benefits programs, upholding the "medical-vocational guidelines" used in the Social Security disability program.

较近期以来，最高法院确认了社会保险伤残项目所使用的"医疗--职业准则"，将"斯托罗"原则扩大适用于福利项目[见"赫克勒诉坎贝尔"案，载于《美国最高法院判例汇编》第461卷，第458页(1983)]。

This chapterdescribes the boundary of res judicata's time scope,points out the meaning and the basis of resjudicata criterion.This chapter Spreads out from precedent and doctrines When introducing resjudicata criteria in Germany and Japan,Concerning on the relation between suspensive effectand time order,their judgement of application,duty of raising,and describes the structure of dutyof raising.

论述既判力的时间范围的界线性，说明既判力标准时的意义，及既判力标准时的规定依据，并介绍德国、日本有关既判力标准进在判例、学说上的展开，暨论述遮断效与时间先后关系的判断作业及提出责任，最后论述提出责任的构造。

This paper,based on the special assets theory and in view of the judgment of the interests incurred by sunk cost,analyzes the relationships between the access barriers and the division of markets and examines the decided cases related to the relatively dominant position theory In this author's opinion,this theory has severe defects and bugs.

依据对资产专用性理论，从沉没成本引起的利益判断、进入障碍和市场划分的关系的分析，以及对相对优势地位理论的相关判例的解析，可以看出该理论存在重大的缺陷，其实施不仅无法规范市场竞争秩序，还会造成理论和实务上的混乱。

Article 26 Where any person or any association alleges that any of the rights granted under this Constitution or any legislation or directives are constitutionally contravened, that person or association may invoke the privilege and benefit of court direction, order or writ, including a judgment of unconstitutionality; and anyone injured by an act of the Government or any person acting under its authority, whether in property, contract, tort or otherwise, shall have the right to bring suit for appropriate redress.

第26条：任何人或团体主张宪法赋予自己的权利或声称任何立法或指示违反宪法的，他都有权援引宪法上的基本权利和对自己有利的法院的指示、命令或令状，包括违宪判例。任何受到政府或者政府授权的人的行为损害的人都有权起诉请求给予适当的补偿，无论这种损害是财产的、合同的、侵权的或是其他。

Three years later, the Court upheld the Board's decision that foremen could unionize , notwithstanding their ties to management.

3年之后，最高法院在另一桩案子里维持委员会的原判，认为尽管工头与管理阶层有关系，工头仍可以成立工会参见"帕克德汽车公司诉全国劳资关系委员会"案，载于《美国最高法院判例汇编》第330卷，第485页（1947）}。

After a careful study into the scientific grounds and research methods of the comparative school,this paper comes to the conclusion that it can avoid not only the shortcoming of universalistic school in speculating purely theoretically by neglecting the reality of the legal system of each country,but also that of the particularistic school in analyzing solely the previous cases and the opinions of individual judges.

比较法学派的科学立场和研究方法使它既避免了普遍主义学派的那种脱离现实中的各个国家的法律制度而在抽象的真空中进行理论推测的不足，也避免了特殊主义学派的那种仅仅站在本国立场上，对先前国内司法判例和个别法官观点进行纯粹实证主义分析的缺陷。

After a careful study into the scientific grounds and research methods of the comparative school,this paper comes to the conclusion that it can avoid not only the shortcoming of universalistic school in speculating purely theoretically by neglecting the reality of the legal system of each country,but also that of the particularistic school in analyzing solely the p...

比较法学派的科学立场和研究方法使它既避免了普遍主义学派的那种脱离现实中的各个国家的法律制度而在抽象的真空中进行理论推测的不足，也避免了特殊主义学派的那种仅仅站在本国立场上，对先前国内司法判例和个别法官观点进行纯粹实证主义分析的缺陷。

Obviously, as the legal precedent law of the unwritten law, it has one's own unique characteristics.

显而易见，作为不成文法的判例法，它具有自己独特的特征。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。