初级的

Using two symmetrical plano-convex lens system to fabricate grating was analyzed and the characteristic of diffraction wavefront aberration of the grating was summarized by ray tracing program using MATLAB siftware.

分析使用两个对称的单平凸透镜光路制作光栅并用MATLAB编写光线追迹程序分析了所制作的光栅的衍射波像差的特点，经计算得出在较小焦比D/F情况下其衍射波像差仅与两支光路点光源的调节偏差之差有关与单独的各个偏差无关；初级像差中球差很小几乎可忽略：彗差仅与垂轴调节偏差之差成线性关系；像散仅与轴向调节偏差之差成正比；且当平凸透镜的焦比D/F增大时，各像差项迅速增大。

Recently, it is proved that SP is also involved in pain modulation, acupuncture analgesia and immunoin- hibition. However, the role of CGRP in them is unclear Therefore, the dy- namic changes of CGRP-, SP-like immunoreactivity and expression ofα- CGRP,β-CGRP mRNAs in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord in the arthritic rats were observed by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques combined with behavioral tests, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of this peoptide on the develoment of polyarthritis were investigated by intrthecal injections of CGRP and its antagonist in the rats. In addtion, GAL is a novel neuropeptide which coexists with CGRP and SP, but it may play a different role in the primary sensory system. Thus, we also observed the changes of GAL and GAL mRNA in DRG neurons and the spinal cord. The results were as follows

为此本文拟在大鼠佐剂性关节炎模型上，结合行为学测定、用免疫组织化学、原位核酸分子杂交技术观察脊髓背角及DRG中CGRP、SP、α-CGRP mRNA、β-CGRPmRNA的动态变化及电针的影响，此外，用鞘内和外周注射CGRP的工具药探讨了CGRP在佐剂性关节炎发生发展中的可能作用；甘丙肽（Galanin，GAL）也是新近发现的一个神经肽，并与CGRP和SP共存于DRG及初级传入末梢中，在神经损伤模型中脊髓CGRP、SP减少，GAL则明显增加，显示GAL与CGRP和SP的作用可能不同，因此在佐剂性关节炎模型上也同时观察了GAL和GAL mRNA的变化，实验结果如下

I believe that the strong calls we are hearing for a renewal of primary health care create an ideal opportunity to revisit the place of traditional medicine, to take a positive look at its many contributions to health care that is equitable, accessible, affordable, and people-centred.

我相信，我们听到的更新初级保健的强烈呼唤，创造了一个理想的机遇，再次访问传统医学的故乡，以积极的态度看待它对保健的贡献，那就是公平、易行、可承受和以人为本。

The advantages and limitations of every kind of methods for calculating the failure probability is reviewed. The frist order reliability method, the second order reliability method and many kinds of boundary method have achieved remarkable success and formed nature fields of reliability. However, the precision of these methods decrease as the increase of complexity of problem. The numrical methods are versatile, except numerical intergration is only adaptable to special problems which have small number variables and regular intergral domain. Particularly, the advanced variance reduction techniques own the following character: high precision and a small amount computation. But some questions remain to study in the future because only an initial work about these techniqes is developed.

全面评述了计算失效概率各种方法的优点和局限性，其中经典的解析法包括一次可靠性方法、二次可靠性方法、一阶边界法、Vanmarcke上边界、PENT上边界和Ditlevsen二阶窄边界法，这些方法对于多设计点、变量较多且相关、密度函数不是正态以及极限状态方程较复杂的情况，其计算精度较差；而已有的数值方法却是具有较好的通用性，其中除数值积分法只对变量较少、积分域较规则的特殊问题适用外，各种数值模拟方法均具有较广的适应性，特别是各种改进的方差减小技术，精度高、计算量小，但由于其处在研究的初级阶段，还有许多问题有待于解决。

The results show:(1) In testis, PNA receptors sites were firstly observed in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of primary spermatocyte, and greatly increased in the plasma membrane of second spermatocyte, then decreased and were accumulated in the tail of the round spermatid. The same reaction was observed in sperms of testis and spermatheca, which shows stronger reaction in head and weaker in tail. A universal dyeing was observed on the plasma membrane of sertoli cells.

结果表明：(1)在中华蚱蜢的精子发生中，PNA受体是由初级精母细胞合成，然后转移到膜上，在次级精母细胞，由于量的积累其质膜出现了强阳性标记；从早期精子细胞到成熟精子时期糖蛋白的分布发生了明显的修饰变化，这些变化与精子获得与卵子进行识别、粘附、结合等受精能力密切相关：受精囊内与精巢内的精子表面的标记是相同的，说明质膜糖蛋白的修饰作用在精巢内就已完成。

Today logistics delivery system is stilt in elementary stagy in China, and the delivery pattern falls behind comparatively, which prevents the development of chain enterprise and its scale benefits, it's already becoming a constraint of developing for chain enterprise.

目前我国连锁企业的物流配送体系的发展仍然处于初级阶段，仍存在着许多问题，现行的配送方式相对落后，这些对我国连锁企业的发展造成了巨大障碍，严重制约了连锁企业规模效益的发挥，已成为连锁业发展的约束。

In contrast, non-equilibrium rangeland systems are thought to be driven primarily by stochastic abiotic factors, notably variable rainfall, which result in highly variable and unpredictable primary production.

相应的，非平衡模式认为系统的原动力来自一些随机非生物因素，最明显的是降水量，它将导致不可预料的大幅度的初级生产力的变化。

Results:Expression of elastase mRNA has been found in the endothelial cells,the medial smooth muscle cells and the adventitial fibroblasts of the abdominal aorta,the lymphocytes,monocytes in blood,the tracheal hyaline cartilaginous cells,the glandular cells of the pancreas,the epithelial cells of the parotid gland and submaxillary gland,the hepatoeytes,the endothelial cells of the liver sinusoid wall,the goblet cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine,the cardiac myocytes,the renal interstitial fibroblasts,the alveolar epithelial cells,the cerebral glial cells,the fibroblasts of the dermis oorium of the skin,the primary spermaocytes,the secondary spermaocytes and sperm in the seminfferous tubule of the testis,the lymphocytes in the spleen and thymus.

结果正常大鼠腹主动脉的内皮细胞、中膜平滑肌细胞以及血管外膜成纤维细胞，血液细胞中的淋巴细胞、单核细胞，气管透明软骨细胞，胰腺的腺细胞、腮腺、颔下腺上皮细胞，肝细胞、肝窦壁的内皮细胞，小肠黏膜杯状细胞，心肌细胞，肾间质的纤维母细胞，肺泡上皮细胞，大脑胶质细胞，皮肤真皮纤维母细胞，睾丸曲精细管内的初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞以及精子，脾脏以及胸腺的淋巴细胞等，均有弹力蛋白酶mRNA的表达。

During the rising of GC, against the main trend of the structural upgrade, unique disadvantages of different countries are being gradually diminished, and unique competitive advantage are gradually emerging. The analysis points out that the level of our country's GC is in an upper middle position in the world, but the public finance and fiscal policy still dictate the structure of GC. Our country's GC is in the preliminary stage of GC and the structural space for uplifting is still very great.

在政府竞争力的提升过程中，在结构升级的大趋势下，各国特有的劣势逐渐减少，具有自身特色的竞争优势逐渐凸现；分析指出我国的政府竞争力在国际上居于中等偏上的位置，但是从结构上看，仍以公共财政和财政政策为主导，处在政府竞争力的初级阶段，结构升级的空间仍然很大等。

My Favourite Hero or Procrastination is the Thief of Time composed during schoolyears, seemed to him to contain in itself and in conjunction with the personal equation certain possibilities of financial, social, personal and sexual success, whether specially collected and selected as model pedagogic themes for the use of preparatory and junior grade students or contributed in printed form, following the precedent of Philip Beaufoy or Doctor Dick or Heblon's Studies in Blue , to a publication of certified circulation and solvency or employed verbally as intellectual stimulation for sympathetic auditors, tacitly appreciative of successful narrative and confidently augurative of successful achievement, during the increasingly longer nights gradually following the summer solstice on the day but three following, videlicet, Tuesday, 21 June S.

不论是作为模范的教育题材特别选拔出来收入全集或选集，供预科及初级班的学生使用；要么就仿效菲利普。博福伊、迪克博士或是赫布仑的《蓝色研究》的先例，把稿子投给销路和槁酬都有保证的杂志，排印出来；要么就迎着四天后到来的夏至（日出为凌晨三点三十三分，日没为下午八点二十九分），即六月二十一日（星期二，圣阿洛伊苏斯。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。