初始条件

In a detailed historical narrative, we explain the process bringing China from the multi-principal governing model to the single-principal governing model in the Qin and Han dynasties. The bureaucratization of traders and the extinction of paladins were the main causes for this transformation.

在此基础上，通过对秦汉之际多委托人治理结构向单一委托人治理结构转变的各项特征事实的分析和模型推演，本文厘清了中国何以走上并锁定在以安全为导向的单一委托人治理形态的初始条件，认为商人的官僚化将社会资源控制力从非主流治理集团牢牢吸纳并控制在主流治理者集团之内，此举消除了各类游侠生存发展的经济基础，对游侠的打击削弱了非主流治理集团的暴力依凭，汉朝以降各大一统时代均不能形成长期独立于政权之外的有规模暴力，是新的治理竞争者不能长期存在从而打破单一委托人治理形态的重要原因。

It studies the Advantage of Backwardness in the north Jiangsu province and tries to find ways to carry it into effect.

发现这些地区都较好地利用了自身的后发优势，通过后来的增长努力和正确的路径选择，超越了初始条件的限制。

In this thesis the one-dimensional STC scheme and the two-dimensional STC scheme in both Cartesian and general coordinates are constructed. The initial condition and boundary conditions are also discussed.

本文发展了一维STC格式、直角座标系和任意曲线座标系下的二维STC格式，并对STC格式特殊的初始条件和边界条件进行了探讨。

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

In Chapter 4, in the above system, the definitions of sensitive dependence on initial value, strong sensitive dependence on initial value and chaos set of a sequence of maps are put forward; Meanwhile, sensitive dependence on initial value of a sequence of maps is promited, and the concept of N - sensitive factor is also proposed; That at the local connected space λ_2/(N-1) is a N—sensitive factor, and a chaotic map containing strong sensitive dependence on initial value of a sequence of maps is proved.

第四章，在上述系统中给出了一列映射的初值敏感依赖、初值强敏感依赖和混沌集的定义；同时又对一列映射的初值敏感依赖进行了推广，提出了该系统下一个N-敏感系数的概念：证明了在局部连通空间中λ_2/N-1是系统的一个N-敏感系数；又证明了一列映射的混沌集蕴涵一列映射对初始条件具有强敏感依赖性。

The transient simulation model is based on each component's mathematics model, connection condition of every component and the boundary condition.

又以稳态流动条件为初始条件，根据系统各元件的动态仿真模型，考虑节点的连接和边界条件，建立了系统的动态仿真模型。

Chaos is a dynamic and species-random and nonlinear system, and it has sensitive initial conditions, continuous power spectrum and traversal, so it is often used to generate pseudo-random sequence.

由于混沌是一种动态的、类随机的非线性系统，且具有对初始条件敏感、连续的功率谱、各态遍历等特性，因此可产生伪随机序列。

Moreover, the algorithm can converge to the desired userunder discretional initial conditions, and the performance of convergence andsteady-state behavior of the algorithm are more better than that of otheralgorithms.Therfore the proposed algorithm is a practical and valuable method in thefuture.

由于其步长的自适应变化，使得它在多径衰落信道中，依然具有较好的性能，而且在任意初始条件下，都能够正确收敛到目标用户，收敛速度更快，稳态性能更好，具有一定的实用性。

The thesis can be divided into five parts as follows: First, the structural characteristics of finned-pipe evaporator are analyzed. After selecting suitable microelement controller, the heat-transfer and mass-transfer processes are analyzed for every microelement under the conditions of dryness, wetness and frostiness. Based on previous equations, some parameters of frostiness are confirmed and the frost-growing model is set up under frost condition. Some hypotheses are postulated and with the help of the equation of mass-conservation, energy-conservation and momentum-conservation, the evaporation model which fits in the dynamic simulation is built, which set a solid foundation for system simulation. Second, the starting and stopping behaviors under disturbed condition are analyzed and calculated by using the dynamic concentrative parameter model, which gives some advice to better prescribe refrigeration system and set theoretic foundation for carrying out automatic control of refrigeration system. Third, the normal running process is analyzed and calculated by means of rational matching theory, which gives some advice on how to better understand the parameter change under steady state and the affection of inlet-parameter on evaporator. Fourth, the simulation software with dynamic characteristic is designed, which can be applied to calculate thernio-parameter of cryogen, air humidity and frost thickness under different initial and boundary conditions, and to carry out dynamic simulation under conditions of dryness, wetness and frostiness, at the same time, to achieve detection and simulation at any stage from starting to stopping.

本文的主要内容如下：1对翅片管蒸发器结构特点进行分析，选取适当的微元控制体，就干、湿和霜工况下对每个微元分别进行传热传质分析，基于经验关系式确定霜的有关参数，对于霜工况下的霜生长建立模型，经适当假设，运用质量守恒、能量守恒和动量守恒方程建立适合动态仿真的蒸发器数学模型，为系统仿真奠定基础； 2对蒸发在大扰动下的开、停机过程，运用动态集中参数模型进行分析和计算，为更好地描述制冷系统运行的全过程奠定基础，同时也为制冷系统实现自动控制提供一定的理论基础； 3对蒸发器正常运行过程，运用动态分布参数和参数间定量耦合的观点来分析和计算，为更好地了解稳态工况下各点参数的变化情况及各入口参数对蒸发器动态特性的影响即蒸发器性能对各参数变化的敏感性； 4编写翅片管蒸发器动态特性仿真计算程序，可以计算不同边界条件和初始条件下的制冷剂热力参数、空气温湿度和霜厚度分布场，实现对翅片管蒸发器在干、湿和霜工况下的动态仿真。

The present article also gives out the analytical expressions of second-order sum frequency cumulative waves,which satisfy the boundary and initial conditions of excitation.

本文还给出了满足边界条件和初始条件的二阶和频积累波解的解析表达式。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。