列联表

The mainly contents include: the research design of statistical survey, survey methods, the statistical sorting and analysis of information (contingency table, correlation measurement, inferential statistics, regression analysis, variance analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, principal component analysis), the composing of investigation report and the appliance of SPSS.

课程对社会统计和社会调查研究方法进行全面的介绍，要求学生牢固掌握社会统计和社会调查的基本研究方法，能熟练运用社会统计和社会调查的方法和技术从事社会研究工作，对社会统计学的概念和术语有一般程度的掌握，能应用SPSS软件进行社会统计和调查工作。本课程主要内容包括：统计调查的研究设计、资料的调查方法、资料的整理与统计分析方法（列联表、相关关系测度、推断统计、回归分析、方差分析、聚类分析、因子分析、主成分分析等）、撰写调查报告、SPSS应用等。

This paper presents a Bayes method to estimate the expected proportions for high-way contingency tables appropriate when prior knowledge about the interaction effects can be described by a particular kind of exchangeability assumption.

用Logits变换方法来讨论列联表的贝叶期估计，这时的估计称为贝叶斯对数线性估计，最早是由Lconard（1973，1975）提出的。

The main content of preparation before scoring is selection of characteristics, which mainly uses Logistic regression, contingency table analysis and artificial neural network. Personal credit scoring and evaluation mainly uses general discriminant analysis, refined decision tree model, improved genetic algorithm, probability neural network and behavioral scoring model. The effect test of personal credit scoring includes fitting effect test and fitness test. The former involves right prediction rate, Kappa consistency test, ROC curve, and the latter includes likelihood ratio test, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, etc.

评分前的准备工作主要是特征变量的筛选，其中使用的主要方法为Logisitic回归、列联表分析和人工神经网络；本文使用的个人信用评分与评估方法为广义判别分析、精练决策树模型、改进遗传算法、概率神经网络和行为评分模型；个人信用评估的效果检验包括拟合效果检验和拟合优度检验两个方面，前者涉及的方法有预测的正确率、Kappa一致性检验、ROC曲线，后者主要包括似然比检验、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验等。

The former involves right prediction rate, Kappa consistency test, ROC curve, and the latter includes likelihood ratio test, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, etc.

评分前的准备工作主要是特征变量的筛选，其中使用的主要方法为Logisitic回归、列联表分析和人工神经网络；本文使用的个人信用评分与评估方法为广义判别分析、精练决策树模型、改进遗传算法、概率神经网络和行为评分模型；个人信用评估的效果检验包括拟合效果检验和拟合优度检验两个方面，前者涉及的方法有预测的正确率、Kappa一致性检验、ROC曲线，后者主要包括似然比检验、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验等。

Generalized linear models, which can model a large variety of data, have a wide area of application. The class of GLMs includes, as special cases, linear regression, analysis-of-variance models, log-linear models for the analysis of contingency tables, logistic models for binary data in the form of proportions and many others. Usually, the parameters in the generalized linear models are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood . But, in the literature, the nonrobustness of the maximum likelihood estimator forβhas been studied extensively. The quasi-likelihood estimator of the parameter of the generalized linear model shares the same non-robustness properties.

广义线性模型，可用于对多种类型的数据进行建模，是应用非常广泛的模型，线性回归模型、方差分析模型、用于列联表分析的对数线性模型和逻辑斯谛模型等都是广义线性模型的特例，通常，我们用极大似然的方法估计广义线性模型中的参数，但是，在文献中，对参数β的极大似然估计的非稳健性已经有了广泛的研究，广义线性模型的拟似然估计也显示了非稳健性。

Nonparametric function estimation, density estimation, survival analysis, contingency tables, association, and efficiency.

非参函数估计，密度估计，生存分析，列联表，关联和效率。

Cluster analysis and two-way contingency table analysis were used to study the ontogenetic variations in the feeding habits of plaice, and the results showed that the feeding activity of plaice did not vary significantly among 7 size classes within the size between 51 mm and 370 mm, but ontogenetic variations were found in the diet composition. In the size class 200 mm, plaice mainly fed on Decapoda and fishes.

通过聚类分析和列联表检验等方法对高眼鲽摄食随体长的变化进行研究，结果表明：体长在51~370mm范围内的高眼鲽的摄食强度没有显著的体长变化，但不同体长组摄食的食物种类有一定差异。200mmm的则主要摄食底层虾类和鱼类，磷虾类所占比例减小。

Based on the dataset of 52 plots investigated from the field,the interspecific relationship among 31 dominant populations of the communities of abandoned land in Guandi Mountains,Shanxi was studied by using χ^2 test for 2 × 2 contingency tables,Pearson＇s correlation coefficient test and Spearman＇s rank correlation coefficient test, respectively.

根据野外52个样方的调查数据，运用2 2列联表的χ^2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了山西关帝山撂荒地植被31个建群种和优势种种间关联和相关关系。

The interspecific relationships of the main tree species in the forest communities were studied using Fisher's exact test for a 2×2 contingency table, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

采用 2× 2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究山西省历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落树种种间关系。

EM algorithm based on the loglinear model is provided for dealing with missing data of bidirectionally ordinal square contingency tables and an example has been given.

给出基于模型的EM算法以处理双向有序方列联表的缺失数据，并给出了一个具体算例，结果表明研究的问题得到了较为完满的解决。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。