刑法

The ultima ratio of criminal law embodys the of caution of penalty and becomes one of the fundamental principles of modern criminal law.The ultima ratio of penalty resulted from political,economic,legal and culture foundation.

刑法的最后手段性体现了一种"慎刑"思想，已成为近现代刑法的基本价值理念，而其确立有着深刻的政治、经济、法律和文化根基。

Consequently,all aspects of the society can accept the banning measures against cult organizations;from a perspective of history,it compares the differences of the state and church relations between china and western countries and points out that there is no seperation of church and state in china.what's more,the state power has a leading and controlling influence on religion,which has an impact on the prevention and control policies in china and thus forms the deviation between china and western countries in this issue.secondly,it briefly analyzes the present prevention and control measures in china,and proposes that we should replace "cult" with "dangerous beliefs" in legal documents,and the government should balance the relationship between fighting against dangerous beliefs and safeguarding freedom of religion and prudently adopts the banning measures;lastly ,it gives some suggestions such as establishing the principles of prudently using criminal law against cult behavior,protecting fundamental rights of cult believers,and improving legislation ,sticking to the ultimacy of criminal law,improving registering system of religious groups,helping the religious groups step out the underground situation,and long term research and study on cult,combining fighting and regulating.

其次，对我国目前的邪教犯罪防控措施进行了简要的评析，提出在法律文件中改变"邪教"称谓，代之以"危险信仰"，和政府在反邪教斗争中应平衡打击危险信仰犯罪和保障宗教信仰自由的关系，慎重采取取缔措施；最后，对当前邪教犯罪活动的防控提出了几点建议，主要包括：确立对邪教行为慎用刑法、保障邪教人员各项基本权利的原则，完善立法，坚持刑法调整的最后性，完善宗教团体登记管理制度，使宗教社团走出地下状态，对我国邪教情况进行长期的调查研究，打击与监控相结合等五点建议。

The Criminal Law of the People's Republic Of China amended in 1997 clearly defines the Unit Criminality . And thus the country's theoretical circle into Unit Criminality enters a completely new area.

我国1997年修订刑法明确规定了单位犯罪，我国刑法理论界对单位犯罪的研究由此也进入了一个全新的领域。

However,the author believes that there is the rationality for unpremeditated common crime to exist either in theory of criminal law or in practice of criminal judicature.

但笔者认为刑法的这一规定并不能作为否认过失共同犯罪存在的根据，我们不能因为刑法没有特别规定而否认为过失共同犯罪的存在。

Internal theoretical basis is the vulnerability and violability of IPR in property law or a clamor for penal protection of IPR based on low-risk and high-income acts of infringing IPR economically.Meanwhile,the ineffectivity of 'First Law' and moral protection of IPR justify the intervention of 'Second Law',the penal law,as the security act.

从内在理论基础而言，财产法视野下知识产权的权利脆弱性和易受侵犯性，以及经济学视野下侵犯知识产权行为的低风险性和高收益性决定了知识产权对刑法保护的强烈需求；同时，刑事政策视野下道德和"第一次法"保护知识产权的无效性，决定了"第二次法"--作为保障法的刑法的合理介入。

Suspects and defendants can also be the subjects of perjury in several conditions. Anyone who records wordage evidence would commit perjury if he makes a false record intentionally. The purpose of perjury that is provided by criminal law does not meet with the requirement of the legal interests of perjury. In accord with these legal interests,"objective theory" is more reasonable on the cognizance of "false". It is unreasonable that the criminal law limits perjury in criminal proceedings.

据此，对伪证罪的构成要件可以作如下解释：在主体要件方面，将被害人解释为伪证罪的主体有其实质合理性，犯罪嫌疑人、刑事被告人在一定条件下可以构成伪证罪的主体，担任言词证据记录工作的人故意做虚假记录的应当构成伪证罪；在主观要件方面，刑法对伪证罪设定的目的要求并不符合伪证罪的法益需要；在客观要件方面，关于伪证行为中"虚假"的认定，"客观说"更符合伪证罪的保护法益，刑法将伪证罪限定在刑事诉讼中，不符合伪证罪的法益内容。

But in reality,the protecting function of human rights of themodem criminal law is not at all realized by the responsibilityprinciple's being legalized or its being revered abstractively,whosedestiny is similar to the one of the principle of crime—penaltyprescribed by law.

但是，与罪刑法定原则的际遇相似，现代刑法的人权保障机能并没能因为责任主义的入律或在理论上抽象地尊奉而轻易得到实现。

Part I makes introduction to the international and domestic legislative progress concerning the punishing and preventing the corruptive crimes such as the bribery crime, etc.

第一部分首先介绍国际社会惩治和预防受贿等腐败犯罪的立法进程和我国受贿罪立法的发展进程，并尝试对国际刑法规范和我国刑法中有关受贿罪的概念和特征进行归纳。

In China,the theory of criminal illegalness is a characteristic of the definition of crime,and it is superior to structure of crime.It is Realthe concept of crime in form in European continental criminal theory.

我国刑法理论中的刑事违法性是犯罪概念的一个特征，是犯罪构成的上位概念，相当于欧陆刑法理论中的形式的犯罪概念。

He put forwards that the article 4 of crime of L/C fraud in Chinese Criminal Law isn"t in compliance with the principle of penalty according to criminal law, and it will destroy L/C system. The principles of fairness, honest and credibility and prohibition of civil right abuse in General Rules of Civil Law have the feature of indetermination. The litigation of civil right attached to criminal procedure and litigation property save in the Code of Criminal Procedure, in view of their imperfection, cause the repeating capital frozen by police bureau, procuratorate and court. In view of low requirement of civil litigation capital save in Civil Procedure law, the frequent capital frozen happens all the time. Summary of Panel Discussion Concerning Chinese Coastal Area"s Economic and Judicial Work, owing to its low status and evidence"s inexplicitness of issuing ban, results in judger"s unrestrained jurisdiction power. Therefore, this author concludes that the characteristics of fragmentsand imperfection of Chinese L/C laws are disadvantageous to the perfection of the L/C legislation system ,and can not instruct judges to try the cases of L/C fraud effectively.

由于《美国统一商法典》的第五章关于信用证欺诈的规定相对我国法律而言比较完善，笔者在本文对其也作了论述，以期对我国未来的立法有所启示；第三部分主要分析了我国目前的有关信用证欺诈的规定，并指出《刑法》的有关信用证诈骗罪的规定的第4款不符合罪刑法定的要求，它对信用证的运行机制有极强的破坏性；《民法通则》中与信用证欺诈有关的公平、诚实信用、禁止权利滥用原则有其适用时的不确定性；《刑事诉讼法》关于刑事附带民事及诉讼保全的规定，由于规定的不完善，导致公、检、法等各机关对信用证的重复冻结；由于《民事诉讼法》对财产保全的条件要求过低，导致实践中信用证冻结频繁发生；《会谈纪要》由于其效力低和对发布禁令要求的证据并不明确，导致实践中法官的自由裁量权无限扩大。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。