刑事

When there is a risk that criminal sanctions will be imposed, the witness may refuse to answer questions that could incriminate her or provide a link in a chain of evidence against her.

如果存在施加刑事制裁的危险，证人会拒绝回答有可能显示其有罪或提供在一连串的证据中无利于他自己的关连因素的问题。

We can comprehend the mode of the system of immunity of witness like that: the witness refusing to testify according to the prior condition of " the privilege against self- incrimination " The prosecutor has the absolute controlling power to start the immunity of witness.

作证豁免制度一般模式为：前提条件一般为证人基于"反对强迫自证其罪"特权拒绝作证；追诉方拥有作证豁免的绝对控制权；豁免的法律后果是证人如实提供证言，司法机关彻底免除或有限免除其刑事责任；豁免不排除对证人以作伪证或藐视法庭而给予处罚。

To compare with the investigating judge system in Germany, there are some problems in the court system in the criminal investigating procedure in Taiwan. For a court to command a coercive means in the criminal investigating procedure, the legal rules in our Criminal Procedure Law are insufficient. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the court and the process in jurisdictional dispute in the criminal investigating procedure are not clear and definite. The organization of the court in the criminal investigating procedure still is an issue. Also, the order of the authority distribution is not formed yet in our criminal investigating procedure. The limits of authority of the court are indefinite. Even on the form of the court's decision and the grievance procedure, there are different opinions in practice and theory.

就我国侦查中法院之运作而言，对於侦查程序中强制处分及证据保全之权限分配，我国刑事诉讼制度其实亦不乏明文规定，但是，在侦查法官之引进空间下，检视我国侦查程序之现况，可以发现，就强制处分之监督功能而言，由於现行法在制度面上规范之不足，我国侦查中法院之运作，对於其管辖权之划分标准及管辖权错误之处理，产生法律适用之疑虑；法院组织之方式及法院事务分配规则之适用上发生争议；而对於侦查权限之分配，亦存在著法官保留范围狭隘及法院审查权限不明确之问题；甚至，对於侦查中法院之裁判形式及其救济途径之选择，仍有不同之意见，以致於造成我国侦查中法院运作之困难。

Additional, director of delegate of town National People's Congress, public security is OK reach relevant website to mention to promulgator of article of Huang Youjie, net criminal private prosecution is civil perhaps lawsuit, but because they are exercise the service personnel of public authority, belong to " public character ", it is so when adjudgement, lv of take an examination " actual ill will " the world general rule of the principle -- press down director of delegate of National People's Congress, public security to ought to prove net article promulgator and relevant website know perfectly well Huang Youjie namely appeal for help material is fictional fact and be determined to publish, if indemonstrable this, the accused need not assume corresponding responsibility; And to Huang Youjie, pressing down director of delegate of National People's Congress, public security to want to prove him is " intended and concoctive fact " is not wrong accuse, or impeach inconsistent with the facts, also should not be otherwise adjudicate Huang Youjie assumes corresponding responsibility.

另外，镇人大代表、公安局长可以向黄有杰、网文发布者及相关网站提起刑事自诉或者民事诉讼，但由于他们是行使公共权力的公职人员，属于"公众人物"，所以在审判时，应考虑"实际恶意"原则的世界通例——即镇人大代表、公安局长应当证明网文发布者及相关网站明知黄有杰的上访材料是编造事实而执意刊登，如果不能证明这一点，被告就可以不承担相应责任；而对于黄有杰，镇人大代表、公安局长要证明他是"故意捏造事实"而不是错告，或者检举失实，否则也不宜判决黄有杰承担相应的责任。

The traditional mainstream theory holds that the purpose of criminal law is to protect people by punishing crimes, which is based on indictable offences, focusing on punishment is not overall. It ignores the direction legislative value of our county concerning restoring victims'rights.

一、传统司法的理念：以公诉罪为主线，以犯罪人为中心，关注惩罚就犯罪的本质而言，传统的理论无论是社会主义国家奉行的以社会危害性为中心的"孤立的个人反对统治阶级关系"的观点，还是西方大陆法学倡导的法益侵害论，犯罪被认为不是私人之间冲突与纠纷，刑事审判中的被害人一般被认为是国家。

The traditional mainstream theory holds that the purpose of criminal law is to protect people by punishing crimes, which is based on indictable offences, focusing on punishment is not overall. It ignores the direction legislative value of our county concerning restoring victims'rights. Restorative justice reform characterized by negotiation, reconciliation and compensation in the world indicates a certain tendency that the idea of criminal justice is transferred from centering on criminals to criminals -vic...

传统主流理论认为刑法的目的是惩罚犯罪，保护人民，这种以公诉罪为主线，关注惩罚的理论概括并不全面，它忽视了我国有关恢复被害人利益的立法取向；世界范围内的以协商和解和赔偿为特征的恢复性司法改革运动表明刑事司法理念从以犯罪人为中心到犯罪人———被害人为中心的模式转换趋势，预示着刑法目的惩罚与恢复的调和是一种发展的必然。

The amended "The Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China" has changed the mode of court hearing from original interrogatory into indiction and pleading .

修订后的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》将我国的庭审方式由原来的纠问式改为控辩式，证人出庭作证成为新的诉讼模式的关键环节。

Many people are directly or indirectly involved in the criminal case.

许多人都直接或间接地卷入了这个刑事案件。

He reaches the conclusion that indirect accomplice is unification of indirectness of criminal action and directness of criminal responsibility.

本文认为，间接正犯是实施犯罪行为的间接性与承担刑事责任的直接性的统一。

Otherwise ,the law for anti-trust will be ineffectively in china .Up to now, there are more than 100 regions and nations in the world in which there exist the unified anti-trust laws . They have set up the relevant laws for respective legal liability that include civil, administrative and criminal liability .

到目前为止，在世界范围内已有一百多个国家和地区制定了统一的反垄断法，并且都针对性地规定了相应的法律责任制度，其内容涵盖了民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。