切向应力

On the base of analysis concerning Tianjing and Tanggo-Xingang soil properties and observation results of settlements, some rules of settlement of buildings in the area were obtained. Final settlements, settlements at end of construction and the time of final settlement were discussed. Tests used for determining paramcters of four models were introduced. The parameters in Duncan-Chang model are determined from isotropic consolidation test and the parameters in Gong-Xiannan model from Ko consolidation tests while the parameters in the model proposedin chapter 2 from the equal increment stress ratio test and ones in the bounding surface model developed in chapter 3 from the effective stress-path of CIU test.

根据天津市区及塘沽新港地区的地基土质情况以及沉降观测资料，分析了该地区建筑物沉降的一些规律，讨论了最终沉降量，完工时的沉降量以及沉降稳定时所需要的时间，介绍了确定各模型参数所需要的试验：Duncan—Zhang模型参数根据等向固结的三轴试验确定；龚晓南Ko固结模型根据Ko固结三轴试验确定；本文建立的非线性弹性模型根据等向增量应力比试验确定，边界面模型参数可根据固结不排水剪切试验的有效应力路径确定。

The results show that dynamical ductil-ity dominated final velocity of fragments. During tube expansion, the shear fracture appears preferentially a-long the adiabatic shear bands under positive stress, so the adiabatic shear band determines the size and shapeof fragments. Though the fragmentation behaviour of medium carbon Si - Mn bainific steel is close to that ofsteel 50SiMnVB, medium carbon Si - Mn bainitic steel is an ideal candidate material for the tubular bombs be-cause it is better in dynamical ductility, which can enable the tubes to gain high speeds before fragmentation.

结果表明：材料动态塑性是决定破片最终速度的主要因素；圆管膨胀时外表面形成以剪切为主的裂纹，并向内扩展，接近内表面的绝热剪切带伴随着圆管的膨胀而扩展，并未出现失稳现象，但在正应力的作用下成为优先的断裂通道、决定破片的尺寸和形态；中碳Si-Mn贝氏体钢与50SiMnVB钢的破碎性能相近，但贝氏体钢动态塑性很更好，破碎前的膨胀量较大、更有利于提高破片初速，是弹箭比较理想的候选材料。

The mixed boundary problem was reduced to a system of singular integral equations by means of Fourier transform.

利用Fourier积分变换技术将混合边值问题转化为一对奇异积分方程，通过数值求解奇异积分方程获得含裂纹功能梯度板条分别在剪切和法向载荷作用下的I型和Ⅱ型应力强度因子，并讨论了材料的非均匀性和裂纹相对尺寸对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响。

Facet joints oriented parallel to the sagittal plane provide substantial resistance to axial rotation but minimal resistance to shearing forces, whereas joints oriented more in a coronal plane tend to protect against flexion and shearing forces but provide minimal protection against rotation fig.

小关节朝向趋于矢状位可以限制脊柱的轴向旋转但是减少了对剪应力的限制。而趋于水平的小关节可以更好的保护屈曲和剪切下的应力，但对旋转的抵抗力降低（图3）。

The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus which can simulate the cyclic stress characteristic of sand on seabed is used to perform experimental tests of loose carbonate sand s with a relative density of 30% subjected to vertical-and-torsional coupling cyclic shear with the rotation of principal stress axes induced by ocean wave.

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭剪多功能剪切仪模拟海洋波浪的加载形式，对相对密度为30%的钙质砂进行了扭转和竖向耦合循环剪切试验，着重研究了复杂应力状态下初始主应力方向角α0和中主应力系数b对钙质砂动强度特性的影响。

The quasi linear dependence of Raman shift upon fiber strain was first used to measure the residual thermal strain along the fiber axis.Then the same dependence was used to determine the fiber strain during pull-out test.Finally the distribution of striain along the fiber axis was converted to the distribution of interfacial shear stress.

利用纤维拉曼峰波数偏移与纤维所受应变的近似线性关系，首先测定纤维热残余应变的分布，随后对伸出玻璃基体外的纤维段施加给定的拉伸应变，沿纤维轴向用拉曼光谱术逐点测定基体内外纤维的应变，最后依据力平衡原理将应变分布转换为界面剪切应力沿纤维轴向的分布。

The analytical expression of axie displacement, axie stress and interlaminar shear stress were given under some simple loading forms.

给出了一些简单载荷作用下的轴向位移、应力及层间剪切应力的解析表达式。

After being loaded with horizontal retraction force at various height, displacement and stress distribution of anterior teeth was not well-distributed. Labiolingual displacement of incisors varied from crown lingual tipping to lingual translation and lingual controlling root movement, while canine mainly showed crown lingual tipping. The displacements of teeth increased with the length of hook but their moving tendency remained unchanged. Stress distribution in PDL was in accordance with teeth displacement.

2水平向后牵引力的作用点升高时，上前牙的位移和应力分布趋势各不相同：切牙的唇舌向位移由冠舌向倾斜逐渐变为舌向整体移动和舌向控根移动，尖牙则以冠舌向倾斜位移为主；前牙位移量随牵引力高度增加而增大，但位移趋势较为稳定；牙周膜应力分布与其位移趋势相一致。

Through designing of composition and structure of the bioactive graded coating,innerstress and its distribution in the coating were analyzed and calculated, the resultsshowed that when composition distribution coefficient n was 1.5, a reasonable stressdistribution could be got, that was at the beginning of deposition the suspension containingrichly BG granules was used so that a rich BG granules layer, a good transitional layerbetween BG layer at the bottom and the coating could be obtained at the titanium alloy side,the bottom of the coating; the stress value near the interface and surface and its character,pressure stress or tensile stress, were decided by the character of its composition itself.Changing composition distribution coefficient n could only change the variation tendency ofstress in the coating, but did not change the stress distribution rule in the coating. Thethinner the coating is, the sharper stress variation in the coating is, which does not mean thatthicker coating is better because the thicker the coating is, the little the permitteddeformation of coating is, so the coating thickness should be thinner, for example, about50μm for bending applications, but for applications only bearing pure shear stress, such asroot of tooth implant, the coating can be thicker little, for instance, about 80～100μm. The study on electrification characteristic and electrophoresis deposition of HAand BG granules in aqueous and non-aqueous solution system found that EPD almost didn'toccur in aqueous solution system. However, because HA granules take position charges inabsolute alcohol, a homogeneous EPD be carried out on the cathode titanium alloy slice, but taking negative charge in absolute alcohol the BG granules not be deposited on the cathode. A guided HA crystallizing, 100～300nm, on surface of the BG granules be realized by metathetical reaction, which cover BG granules with HA microcrystals and make the covered BG granules taking position charges in absolute alcohol, sequentially realize the EPCD of the BG and HA granules on the cathode, so it is feasible to make a titanium alloy/BG/HA bioactive graded coating by making use of EPCD technology. The corrosion experiment of rich boron bioglass coating and plasma spray coating showed that split phase, rich boron and rich silicon phase, occurred during its preparation. In basic medium the corrosion behavior of 〓 BG coating showed uniformity corrosion, the corrosion mostly occurred at rich boron phase area, therefore batch formula design of BGshould avoid the occurring of split phase. The corrosion appearance of plasma spray coatingappeared a non-uniform corrosion, mostly occurred at the edge of the laminated HA moltendrops, and emerged an accelerated corrosion tendency, which will easyly lead to corrosioncrackles extending to the interface and the happening of osmotic interfacial corrosion, thatmay be one of the major reasons leading to the coating cracking-off in the later period. Thetesting results of thermal expansion coefficient of 〓 and 〓BG showed the thermalexpansion coefficient of 〓 BG matched with that of titanium alloy better, and 〓 BG couldsinter with titanium alloy into densification enamel layer at low temperature (720℃).

将Ti6Al4V合金在1000℃下进行真空热处理会降低其力学性能，且合金内的V元素会向表面富集，因此，钛合金真空热处理和表面涂层的烧结温度不能过高，即应低于其相转变点；通过对生物活性梯度涂层的组成和结构的设计，分析和计算了梯度涂层内的应力大小和分布，结果表明：对于本研究，当成分分布系数n=1.5时，可以获得较合理的涂层力学性能，即在沉积开始时，采用富含BG颗粒的悬浮液，以便在钛合金侧获得同底层BG有良好过渡的富BG涂层；梯度涂层界面和表面的应力大小、性质由材料组成本身的性质决定，改变成分分布系数，只能改变涂层内应力变化的趋势；涂层的厚薄不影响涂层内的应力分布规律，但涂层越薄，涂层内的应力变化越快，但这并不意味着涂层越厚越好，因为涂层越厚，涂层允许的变形越小，对于应用于弯曲受力部位的涂层而言，涂层应薄一点为好(50μm)；而对于仅纯受剪切应力的部位，如牙根种植体，涂层可适当加厚(80～100μm)；通过对HA和BG颗粒在水溶液体系和非水溶液体系中的带电特性和电泳沉积的研究发现，它们在水溶液体系中很难发生电沉积；在无水乙醇溶液中，HA颗粒带正电，可在阴极钛合金片上发生均匀的电泳沉积，而BG颗粒则带负电荷；利用复分解反应法，可以制得100～300nm的HA，通过诱导HA在BG颗粒表面结晶，可对BG颗粒进行表面包覆，获得了被HA包覆的BG颗粒，改变了BG颗粒表面的带电特性，使BG和HA颗粒在无水乙醇中均带上正电荷，从而实现了HA和BG颗粒在阴极上的共沉积。

This paper gives the distribution of the Peynolds stresses, which shows that the flow near the wall at the exit is obviously nonisotropic and the maximal turbulence intensity is enough high to impact on the matching of the intake and the engine. The unsteady characteristics of the flow evince that the flow doesn't separate obviously.

出口截面上雷诺应力分布表明：该进气道出口流场主流方向的紊流强度较大，最大值已达8%以上，这给进／发匹配造成影响；正雷诺应力和剪切应力沿径向和周向的分布特点则说明进气道出口核心流区域流动基本是各向同性的，然而在近壁区却表现为明显的各向异性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。