切向应力

Five main phenomena were found, firstly, the high plasticity clay could well suitable to large deformation, and had strain-hardening behavior obviously, as well as, the little dilatancy; secondly, there was no correlation between stress paths and shear strength but the stress-strain relations were influenced by stress paths; thirdly, the little stress increment ratio, the higher increase speeding of shear stress and breaking strength under the condition of same initial normal stress; the fourth, the relations between normal strain and normal stress in simple shear test was consistent with which in the single-direction compression test, if there was no dilatancy; the last, the curve of relation between stress ratio and shear strain could be well simulated by hyperbola.

试验结果表明，高塑性粘土能够较好地适应大变形，接触面剪应力与切向应变关系呈剪切硬化型曲线，法向剪胀不明显；接触面剪切强度与应力路径无关，应力应变关系与应力路径密切相关；初始法向应力一定，应力增量比越小，剪应力增长越快，对应的破坏剪应力也越高；无剪胀发生情况下，法向应变与法向应力关系曲线与单向压缩试验具有一致性；应力比与切向应变呈良好的双曲线关系。

By solving a axial-symmetrical boundary value problem consisting of a infinite solid and an isolated spheriodal particle embedded in an infinite matrix, some interesting results are found as follow:(1) at the micron scale, the smaller the particle is, the higher the stresses at the matrix/inclusion interface and within the particle are;(2) this size effect is more remarkable with decreasing the stress triaxiality and increasing the remote equivalent strain.

通过对三轴应力下含椭球夹杂的无限大体边值问题的分析，结果表明：(1)在微米尺度下，夹杂尺寸越小，夹杂/基体界面的法向应力、剪切应力和夹杂内部主拉伸方向的应力越高。

In terms of continuum mechanics and nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamics theories, compressible Leonov constitutive model is derived to describe large recoverable elastic strain development in non-isothermal flow of compressible viscoelastic melts. It is tempting to specify the model and then compare it to basic rheological tests in the hope that such a model will yield a good description of the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer melts.

注射成型是聚合物的主要成型加工方法之一，成型过程中聚合物要经历熔体流动和固化等非等温、非平衡过程，由于聚合物的粘弹性，流动过程中建立的剪切应力、法向应力和大弹性形变在固化过程中不能完全松弛，在制品中形成残余应力和取向，对制品的机械和光学性能有着重要影响。

The pattern of camber die-drawing are optimized. The physical innate character of drawing with camber die is analyzed thoroughly. For the first time, the periodical relation between the limit drawing coefficient and the large longitudinal stress in dangerous section is established. Furthermore, the rationale to judge limit deforming degree is developed. Then, the limit drawing coefficient of drawing with camber die is proposed. Based on the criterion that the large stress in flange is smaller than that of limit value, the formula of drawing with camber die without wrinkles is deduced.

对拉深凹模的型式进行了优化；深入地分析了曲面凹模拉深成形的物理本质，首次定量地确定了极限拉深系数与危险断面最大径向应力的关系，提出了判断极限变形程度的依据，分析了极限承载能力，建立了曲面凹模拉深的极限拉深系数的表达式；以凸缘切向最大压应力小于凸缘切向压应力临界值为准则，推导出了曲面凹模拉深不起皱的理论表达式。

The electric displacement perpendicular to the plate surface is singular and proportional to the bending stresses.

压电效应对面内弯曲正应力的影响很小，可忽略不计。2）压电效应对剪应力影响较大，切向电场强度和电位移的集中程度随径厚比变化趋势和切向剪力的变化趋势相同。3）中面上孔边电势和垂直于板中面的电场强度的集中程度随径厚比的减小而减弱，垂直于中面的电位移的集中程度随着径厚比的减小而增强。

Generally, it can be divided into three types of floating stress, spindling stress and pressing stress, among which floating stress is the most important.

血管内流体压力的突然升高，在血管分叉处产生涡流；液体在血管内流动对管壁产生不同的应力，一般分流体切应力、轴向应力和压应力3种，其中流体切应力最为重要。

The conclusion is that sheering and radial stress are dominant in viscosity shearing force, and that Reynolds stress is larger than viscosity stress in turbulent flow, and the multiple is the Reynolds number.

由分析可知在粘性应力中，切向和径向剪切应力占主导地位；而在湍流条件下，雷诺应力是粘性应力的若干倍数，此倍数在量级上即为雷诺数。

According to the stress characteristics of coal floor with faults, corresponding simplified mechanical model is built to obtain the equations of shear stress and normal stress on the fault, as well as the influential rules of fault dip on shear stress, normal stress and fault activation.

针对含断层缺陷底板的受力特征，建立相应的简化力学模型，分析得到断层面上的剪切应力和法向应力表达式，并研究断层倾角对断层面上剪切应力、法向应力及断层活化的影响规律。

In this modified model, the effect of the stress concentration on the end stress in the fiber end region is considered, the average matrix strain is used to substitute for the so-called far field strain in the previous shear lag model. The change of the deformation states from elasticity to plasticity is considered and the interfacial shear stress and fiber axial stress are derived.

修正的模型合理考虑了纤维根区域应力集中对根应力的影响；用基体平均应变代替了经典剪切滞后模型中的远场应变；考虑了基体变形状态从弹性到塑性的变化，给出了塑性区上的表面剪切应力和纤维轴向应力的表达式。

Through above numerical analysis of the TiN coating/substrate system, some typical rules about the fatigue failure are found:(1) the fatigue damage of a coating/substrate system appears first on the interface, then expands along the interface and to the substrate, and finally causes the coatings broken and spalled;(2) under the cyclic loadings of tangential sliding and radial extrusion, the equivalent plastic damage on the interface is mainly generated by the shear stress and the accumulated plastic contributed by the increments of shear stress. Thus the change of the shear stress is the main factor for the contact fatigue damages of coating/substrate system;(3) the frictional coefficient, external loading and coating thickness have some influence on the carrying capacity and contact fatigue life for a coating/substrate system.

通过对TiN涂层／基体系统的数值模拟分析，得到了涂层／基体系统疲劳失效的一些典型规律：(1)、涂层基体的初始损伤首先出现在交界面处，然后沿界面并向基体中扩展，最后导致涂层断裂而发生剥落失效；(2)、在切向滑动和径向挤压循环载荷作用下，交界面处的塑性损伤主要是由剪应力τ产生，塑性累积也是由于△τ的变化引起，说明循环过程中剪应力变化是影响涂层接触疲劳破坏的主要因素；(3)、材料摩擦系数、外界载荷大小以及涂层厚度都对涂层／基体系统的承载能力以及疲劳寿命都有一定影响。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。