分类学的

The different fishes which are employed in the present studies are wild-type salmon, cultured salmon of freshwater and seawater, sea perch and fat greenling. The complete CT gene sequences of salmons are obtained by PCR amplification. The partial CT sequences of sea perch and fat greenling are obtained by in vitro cloning PCR method. Alignment of obtained CT sequences with other fish CT shows that CT appears to be well conserved among the same family. And the relative in taxonomy is far away, the similarity of different fish CTs is low. On the contrary, the closer the relative in taxonomy is, the higher the similarity of different fish CTs is. The sCT is expressed in pGEX-4T-X by recombinant form . We also succeed in the research of sCT expression alone by expression PCR. In addition, sCT antiserum is obtained using GST-sCT as antigen, and the high titer is tested by double immunodiffusion. In the rat bioassay, administration of 50 μg recombinant protein evoked significant hypocalcemia at 1 h after the data are analyzed by t-test.

本文用PCR方法克隆了野生鲑鱼、养殖鲑鱼的降钙素基因，并应用体外克隆PCR的方法首次克隆出鲈鱼、六线鱼降钙素的部分基因序列，通过对克隆的降钙素序列的比较研究，结果显示同一科的鱼降钙素序列保守性较高，同时，根据降钙素的部分氨基酸序列进行了降钙素相似性的比较研究，结果显示在分类学上，分类地位较远的鱼，其降钙素相似性较低，分类地位越接近的鱼，其降钙素相似性越高；我们利用谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathions S-transferase，GST)融合表达载体pGEX-4T-X对克隆的鲑鱼降钙素基因进行了融合表达研究，应用表达PCR的方法对降钙素基因的独立表达进行了初步的研究探索，并将纯化的融合蛋白作为抗原，获得了高效价的兔抗鲑鱼降钙素免疫血清；生物活性研究表明，大肠杆菌表达的融合蛋白具有显著的降血钙作用。

As a result of analysis to many of the results of experiment, checked up on specimens, field investigation and combining with the theories of palaeobotany, comparative morphology, evolutional morphology of vascular plants and taxonomy, it can be concluded as following: the primitive sorts of Cycadaceae are the sorts that pinnate leafs are dichotomy; among these, the sort that pinnate leafs are tripinnate-dichotomy is most primitive, from this sort gradually evolve to bipinnate-dichotomy, to only for monopinnate-dichotomy, from this sort evolve to the sorts that pinnate leafs are simply pinna; among the sorts of simply pinna, the species that segments of megasporophyll possess much more triplicate to monodichotomy are most primitive.

经过大量的实验结果分析、查阅标本和野外调查，结合古植物学、比较形态学、演化植物学和分类学等理论进行分析，认为苏铁科原始的类型为羽叶呈二歧状分叉的种类，其中最原始的又是羽叶呈三回二歧状分叉的种类，从这个羽叶类型逐渐演化出一回二歧状分叉的羽叶类型，再演化出羽叶为单羽状的类型；而单羽状叶的类群中，又以大孢子叶侧裂片具三回、二回及一回二歧状分叉数量多的种类为最原始，而侧裂片二歧状分叉数量少的为较进化，侧裂片无二歧分叉的如拳叶苏铁类为最进化的种类。

The journal covers abstracts of the world's literature on insects and other arthropods which transmit diseases or are otherwise injurious to man and to animals of significance to man, with subject on arthopods which are disease vendors, haematophagous, ectoparasitic, agents of myiasis, allergenic, associated with carrion or dung, venomous or toxic, or otherwise of public health importance, including physiology, taxonomy, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, immunology, disease transmission pest management, pesticides, entomopathogens, parasites and predators.

杂志刊载世界各地传播疾病或对于人类重要的其他对人类和动物有害的疾病的昆虫和节肢动物方面文献的摘要，主题涉及传播疾病的，吸血的，外寄生的，蝇蛆病的媒介，引起过敏的，以及腐肉，粪便，有毒的节肢动物，或其他的与公共卫生有重要关系的方面内容，包括生理学，分类学，生态学，遗传学，分子生物学，免疫学，疾病传播昆虫的管理，杀虫剂，昆虫病原微生物，寄生虫和食肉动物。

The journal established in 1991, focuses on the field of macroecology: the study of broad, consistent patterns in the ecological characteristics of organisms and ecosystems, including studies addressing general ecological hypotheses, exploring and testing using data of broad geographic, taxonomic, or temporal scope; studies documenting ecological and biogeographic patterns, theoretical studies exploring the causes of those patterns, applied studies of impacts of anthropogenic influences, as well as methodological studies of the tools used to study these problems; broad-scale patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem responses to global climate change, historical and evolutionary biogeography, remote sensing of ecosystem properties, species abundance and species range patters, and statistical methodologies.

杂志创刊于1991年，主要致力于大生态学：生物体的生态学特征和生态系统广泛一致的研究，包括介绍普通生态学假设，通过地理学，分类学，或有限范围内的数据探索和试验的研究；验证生态学和生物地理学模式的研究，探索这些模式原因的理论研究，人为影响的应用研究，以及用于研究这些问题的工具的方法学研究；大尺度生物多样性模式的研究，生态系统对全球气候变化的反应，历史和进化生物地理学，生态系统的遥测，物种的丰度和物种变化模式，以及统计学方法论。

Ninety seven spores or sporocarps of VAMF were wet sieved from the rhizosphere soil of mycorrhized pteridophytes, from which 25 VAMF species which belonged to the genera of Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora respectively were identified, and the taxonomic characters of the 25 species were described. The Glomus fungi were the dominant VAMF in the rhizosphere soil of pteridophytes, they took up 44% in the identified 25 VAMF (11 species belong to Glomus); the fungi in Acaulospora and Sclerocystis in the next place, they took up 24% and 16% respectively in the identified VAMF; the fungi in the other genera took up 16%. In terms of the relationships of pteridophytes and the VAMF isolated from their rhizosphere soil, there was no specifity between the VAMF and their host.

从具有VA菌根的蕨类植物对应的根际土壤中用湿筛法筛取了97份VA菌根真菌的孢子或孢子果，从中鉴定出了分属于无醒囊霉属、巨孢囊霉属、球囊霉属、硬囊霉属和盾孢囊霉属的VA菌根真菌25种，并对这25种真菌的分类学特征进行了描述；球囊霉属真菌是蕨类植物根际土壤中的优势类群，已鉴定的25种真菌中，有11种属球囊霉属真菌，占44%，其次是无梗囊霉属和硬囊霉属真菌，分别占24%和16%，其他属的VA菌根真菌占16%，从分离鉴定的蕨类植物根际土壤中的VA菌根真菌与蕨类植物的关系看，VA菌根真菌与蕨类植物之间无明显的专一性。

Selecting in different ecosystem environment and long-term natures to mulberry tree with the artificial, it becomes many kind of varieties, mutations and species.

但是长期以来，在桑树植物的分类中由于对种和变种的概念具有不同的理解，以及原始材料的差异，传统的分类学提不出一个大家都接受的体系，因而划分的物种在某种程度上还有一定的人为性。

From the phylogenetic tree constructed for IGF-I, the homology was as high as 95%, which revealed the relative relation between them was more closely than with others and give molecular biology support for the resolution of position and classification of lesser panda.

利用IGF-Ⅰ基因构建的进化树上，大熊猫和小熊猫此基因的同源性达到95%，并且显示小熊猫与大熊猫的亲缘关系与其它哺乳动物相比要近的多，为大熊猫及小熊猫的分类学提供了分子生物学的依据，但这样的结果也许与IGF-Ⅰ在物种间的高度保守性有关，我们认为，对于大小熊猫是否同属一科还需要进一步的研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。