分层的

The main approach to solve this problem is to stratify the population studied through taking the confounder as the stratifying variable .

解决这一问题的主要方法是将混杂因子作为分层变量把被研究群体分层。

Secondly, I am also a Layered Fundamentalist which means I try to stick to the ESP Layered Pattern as far as possible.

第二，我也是分层原教旨主义，这意味着我尝试坚持分层模式的ESP尽可能。

In this thesis, a hierarchical classification and interpretation model is presented, which consists of four parts: a target model, original regions detection, hierarchical classification and class interpretation.

在分析了遥感数据特征、目标特性及图像分类一般方法的基础上，提出了一个分层分类与解释模型，该模型由四大部分组成：目标模型、初始区域检测、分层分类和类别解释。

The simulation results show that probability weighted least squares estimator and Quasi-Aitken weighted least squares estimator are unbiased estimators of regression coefficients.

研究方法系采用Monte Carlo模拟方式模拟比较最小平方法、分层加权最小平方法、机率加权最小平方法及Quasi-Aitken机率加权最小平方法在分层不等机率抽样下的表现。

The information integrated pattern based on PDM/PLM in the course ofmanufacture is put forward. Under the constraints of building CAPP platform, thearchitecture of CAPP platform is established. The models of decision making andfunction for process planning are given. Then the development means of CAPP basedSmarTeam are extracted.3. The structure of modular product life cycle is established. Toward the divisionand planning of the General Modules oriented product family, theCAD/CAPP integrated model of flexible module based on feature and CAD/CAPPmapping model based on process planning match board are set up. The keytechnologies of Solidworks/SmarTeam/CAPP integration are studies.4. From the point of view of process match board and step match board, theprocess of creating to process planning match board is studied. As an example, themachining process planning of up beam of hydraulic press machines is used tointroduce the establishment of process planning match board by means of inferencebased on expert knowledge. The organize model about the process planning matchboard oriented product family is brought forward.5. The multi-decision methods of CAPP system based on analytic hierarchy aregiven.. On the basis of uniform data model, the sub-machining process planning ofpart is auto-created by means of analytic hierarchy, The step decision methods basedon AHP is put forward.6. For the design/manufacture information in the course of product life cycle, thetree structure based on Object-Oriented and static model based UML are founded. Themethod of establishing design/manufacture information management system isbrought forward. The commercial PLM software—SmarTeam is regarded asdevelopment platform, on basis of which, the design/manufacture informationmanagement system is built, and the multi-view mapping technique ofdesign/manufacture information model is studies.7. A computer-aided CAPP platform based on PDM/PLM is founded, and itsstructure, function, work flow is illustrated. Some example of the system areintroduced.

阐述课题提出的目的和意义，明确了本文研究的主要内容。2、提出基于PDM/PLM的制造过程信息化集成模式；在平台式CAPP系统的设计约束模型基础上，构建了平台式CAPP系统的体系结构；并给出工艺决策模型和功能模型；最后提出基于SmarTeam的CAPP开发模式和实现策略。3、建立模块化产品生命周期模型的组织结构；针对面向产品族的广义模块的划分和规划方法，建立基于特征的柔性模块CAD/CAPP集成模型及基于工艺模板的CAD/CAPP映射模型；研究Solidworks/SmarTeam/CAPP集成的关键技术。4、从工序模板和工步模板的角度研究了工艺模板的创建过程；以液压机上梁模块机加工为例，采用基于专家知识的推理技术实现了工艺模板的创成；提出了面向产品族的工艺模板分层结构树的组织模式。5、提出基于分层规划的多模式工艺决策流程；在统一数据模型的基础上，从特征层和零件层分层规划，实现了零件加工子工艺的自动创成；提出基于AHP的工步排序决策方法。6、针对产品生命周期中的设计/制造信息，建立了面向对象的类树结构和基于UML的静态结构模型；提出基于PDM/PLM软件的设计/制造信息管理系统的构建方法；以商品化PLM软件SmarTeam作为开发平台，开发了基于SmarTeam的设计/制造信息管理原型系统；研究设计/制造信息模型多视图映射机制。7、开发了基于PDM/PLM的平台式CAPP原型系统，构建了系统的功能模型，并对系统的主要功能进行说明，给出系统的运行实例。

The result shows that, under the condition of the same thickness of material, increasing the number of layers properly can weaken the press, the cutting damage and the destruction due to extension, and lower the impact energy on the construction effectively. In particular, multi-layered protection construction is rather striking in its advantage of destruction-resistance under high stress and low impulse load.

结果表明，分层总厚度相等的条件下，适当增加分层数目可以有效减小冲击载荷对结构的压、剪损伤和拉伸破坏，降低结构所受的冲击能量，尤其对于高强度、持续时间短的脉冲载荷，多分层防护结构的抗毁伤能力优势更为明显。

This article that focuses on the systematic and in-depth research in the current primal problem about abnormal burst pressure reservoir depress burst pressure has procured following main fruits:1 It forms the method which could obtain massive vertical static state mechanics parameters.2 In a foundation of acquisition of rock mechanics parameters,apply bent lamella that as mechanical model along with characteristic of actual geologic characteristics to analysis curvature for anticlinal strcture, get homologous tectonic stress value throug relation between the curvature and stress and different principal curvature in anticlinal structure,consequently set up laminational stress model for anticline reservoir. The block lamination for existed fracturing date has formed method of setting up mechanical model of lamination terrestrial stress by abtaining the block tectonic stress coefficients which are got by complex utilization test, laboratory test and fracturing date playback.3 Analysesing the main reason which lead to high burst pressure by considering the characteristic of reservoir geology,reservoir,and rock mechanics and reservoir damage,etc.Establishing burst pressure quantitative prediction model which provide gist for depressing construction risk and optimizing construction craft under the condition of open hole completion ,gun-perforated completion and damaged reservoir.4 Provding theoretical basis for interpreting acidification pretreatment which could depress busrt pressure by finding the relation between the influencing factors and rock machanics parameters and analysing the factors that have effect on rock mechanics parameters. Expounding the mechanism of reaction of mixed monomineral and acid from the angle of microcosmic element, evaluating quantitatively acid sensilility of different kinds of mineral effectively, and determing the first-order reaction dynamical equation of each mineral.5 Revealing rock mechanics property chage as a result of acid flooding in different condition by sandstone traumata experiment in different temperatures which combined with rock mechanics triaxial stress experiment.6 Associating damage mechanics with sandstone acidizing, established sandstone damage mechanics model in the foundation of the recognition on the rock mechanics parametric variation which is caused by acid-rock reaction in both macroscopic view and microscopic view ,also demonstrated those processes and quantitative estimated the acid busrt pressure to direct the site operation.

本文针对目前异常破裂压力储层降低破裂压力的主要问题展开较为系统和深入的研究，取得了以下主要成果：1形成了利用测井资料，结合室内岩芯测试结果，获取静动岩石力学参数的相关性特征，从而获得纵向上大量静态力学参数的方法。2在获取了岩石力学参数的此基础上，利用弯曲薄板作为力学模型，结合区块实际地质特征对背斜构造进行曲率分析，通过曲率与应力的关系，利用背斜构造不同部位的主曲率求得相应的构造应力值，从而建立起背斜储层的分层应力模型；对已有压裂资料的区块分层，形成了综合利用测试、室内实验、压裂资料反演获得该区块构造应力系数，建立起分层地应力的力学模型的方法。3综合考虑储层地质、油藏、岩石力学特性和储层伤害等因素，分析造成高破裂压力的主要原因，综合利用岩石力学、弹性力学等知识，建立了裸眼完井、射孔完井条件下以及储层受到伤害后的储层破裂压力定量预测模型，为降低施工风险和优化施工工艺提供了依据。4完成了物性、岩性影响岩石力学参数的因素分析，找出了各影响因素和岩石力学参数之间的关系，为从机理上解释酸化预处理降低破裂压力提供了理论基础；从微观元素的角度阐述了单矿物与酸反应的机理；并在此基础上，有效评价了各种矿物的酸敏感性，定量确定了岩石中各矿物的一级反应动力学方程。5完成了不同温度下的酸液类型、酸液浓度、注酸量等一系列砂岩损伤实验，结合岩石力学三轴应力实验，系统揭示了在不同条件下注酸而引起的岩石力学性质变化。6将损伤力学与砂岩酸化相结合，在宏观、微观两个方面认识酸岩反应引起岩石力学参数变化基础上，建立了砂岩损伤力学模型，并对其进行验证，在此基础上定量计算酸化后的破裂压力，有效指导现场施工

As to multi-layer reservoirs,each layer can be divided into three areas:area of gravel-packing,area of perforation and area of radial flow.Each area has its own governing equaiton and the solution is expressed by Green function.The well bore pressure and layer-rate is given through Green function in Laplace space.The pressure drop and skin factor isobtained also in each area.

根据多层砾石充填完井的渗流特点，将每个产层在径向上分成3个区域，即砾石充填区、射孔区、地层径向流区，每个区域有各自的渗流方程，对n层油藏有3n个渗流方程，将每个区域的方程用Green函数来表示，由各层的Green函数得到井筒混合压力、分层压力及分层产量在Laplace空间上的解，最后得到每层各区域的压力损失、表皮系数以及井底压力和分层产量与时间的变化关系。

According to thermodynamic law of conservation of mass and energy and heat transfer theory, a group of differential equations on thermal balance of cover, thermal balance of indoor air, thermal balance of multi-layers of north wall, thermal balance of multi-layers of soil, thermal balance of multi-layers of north roof and thermal balance of plant were built.

该文建立了日光温室热环境模拟模型，定量描述了日光温室内的太阳辐射、对流换热、辐射换热、热传导、自然通风和水分相变带来的潜热对日光温室热环境的影响，根据质能平衡和传热学理论，得到一组关于覆盖物、室内空气、温室分层后墙、分层地面土壤、分层后坡和作物热平衡的微分方程组。

Water column samples taken from the northern and the southern lake centers in Hongfeng lake in summer stratification were measured about their water temperature, pH, the concentration of HCO3(superscript -), DO, Chla, NH4(superscript +), NO3(superscript -)、and PO(superscript 3- subscript 4). The pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was calculated by the chemical balance and the Henry's law.

在夏季分层期间对红枫湖南、北湖湖心的水样进行分层采集，同时测定了分层水样的温度、pH、HCO3浓度、溶解氧、叶绿素a及铵根离子NH4(上标+、硝酸根离子NO3(上标-、磷酸根离子PO(上标 3-下标 4的浓度，水体中CO2的分压(pCO2)由化学平衡及亨利定律求得。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。