分子膜

FRAP is a technique widely usedin cell biology to observe the dynamics of biological systems, including the diffusionof membrane components.

FRAP是在细胞生物学中被广泛用于测定生物体系动态性包括生物膜组分动态扩散的一种技术，其原理是利用高强度激光将细胞内一小部分区域的荧光分子漂白，然后通过记录该区域随后的荧光恢复，检测周围未漂白区域内的荧光分子与漂白区域荧光分子的交互扩散。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

The experimental results show that:(1) LB films are uniform and solid, but it is easy to collapse at higher film pressure,(2) Multilayer LB films process sandwich structure and longspace orderliness, and the phenomenon of crystallization in the process of forming 〓 LB films,(3) The thickness of 〓 monolayer is about 50～60〓,(4) During the formation of 〓 multilayers, molecular arrangement is inclinable to the substrate, the angle is about 25°～30°.

采用小角X-射线散射对多层LB膜的结构进行了表征，发现LB膜具有层状结构的特点和长程有序特征，并对多层LB膜中分子排列的取向状态进行了初步推测，与AFM得到的结果一致。

The Diels-Alder cycloadditions of [60] fullerene for preparation of optical limitingmaterials are discussed in chapter 3 and 6. Soluble cycloaddition derivatives of 〓aresynthesized by the reaction of 〓 with indene,1,1'-biindene andcyclopentadiene derivatives.〓Particular, the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 〓 with1,1'-biindene under controlled conditions affords the stable monoadduct 〓〓of novel structure, which was confirmed by HPLC, FTIR, FD-MS,〓NMR,〓 NMR, HMQC and HMBC spectra, Its two bridgehead cage carbons resonate at70.91ppm, The 〓 NMR spectra showed 38 lines consistent with the 〓 symmetryassociated with [6,6] addition. The 〓 shows similar optical limitingproperties to that of 〓 in toluene for 8ns laser at wave length 532nm. Moreover, thehigh solubility of this adduct in polar solvents such as THF, acetone enables itsincorporation into sol-gel glass matrix. The thin films prepared via the sol-gel methodshow improved OL behaviour compared to those of 〓. The langmuir-Blodgett filmformation and uv-visible absorption of 〓 are also investigated. LBmonolayer of this compound is prepared on the air-water interface at 〓 mol/l. In chapter 4, three water-soluble derivatives of [60] fullerene: fullerol(1), theaddition product (2)of fullerol (1)with polyvinylpyrrolidone and fumaric acidderivative of 〓(3) are synthesized and characterized.

通过Diels-Alder环加成反应，用茚〓和1，1'-联茚〓及取代茂合成了一系列可溶性的〓环加成衍生物，发现可控制反应条件，使1，1'-联茚与〓反应，并高产率地得到具有新颖结构的单加成物，用HPLC、FTIR、FD-MS 及〓、HMQC、HMBC等多种波谱技术对其结构进行表征，测得它的两个〓杂化的桥头碳的化学位移为〓ppm，证明生成的衍生物为6∶6闭式环加成，〓NMR谱中共给出38个信号，表明〓联茚衍生物分子具有〓对称性；在波长532nm，脉冲宽度8ns的激光下，〓联茚衍生物的甲苯溶液的光限幅性能与〓的甲苯溶液相近，由于〓联茚单加成衍生物熱稳定性好，在四氢呋喃，丙酮等极性溶剂中溶解性好，能分别均匀地掺入溶胶-凝胶中，已发现它的溶胶(so1)光限幅性能优于纯〓的光限幅性能；使用Langmuir-Blodgett技术将〓联茚衍生物在空气和水的界面进行了LB单层膜和多层膜实验以及UV-Vis吸收谱研究，通过等温压缩曲线测试，证明浓度为〓〓时，〓联茚衍生物能够形成单层膜。

The monolayers of LPSQ can be successfully transferred onto hydrophobic surface of silicon wafer or quartz plate to develop a very stable and uniform Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett film when using toluene as the spreading solvent at proper surface pressure.

在适当的表面压下，以甲苯为铺展溶剂该单分子层可以被成功地转移至疏水的硅片或石英片上形成均一稳定的Y-型LB膜，其紫外吸收强度在几个月内均保持不变，说明该LB膜具有良好的稳定性，AFM图像表明其形成了均一致密的膜。

We are also distributor of the following companies:Pfeiffer Vacuum-turbo molecular pump, other types of pumps, gauges, Helium leak detector, mass spectrometer; Maxtek, Inc-Quartz crystal thin film deposition controller and sensors; Telemark Inc-E-beam source and power supply, optical thin film monitor; Comdel, Inc-DC and RF power supply; Angstrom Sciences-Magnetron target and materials; Oxford Scientific Limited-Atom sources; Plasma Quest Ltd-Plasma systems for coating and etching; Sentech Instruments GmbH-Ellipsometers.

我们代理的产品包括德国普发真空的全线真空产品(分子泵等各种真空泵，真空计，检漏仪，质谱仪，各种真空零部件)；美国美泰克公司的石英晶体膜厚监测仪，传感器；美国泰利玛科公司的电子枪和光学膜厚控制仪等；美国康戴尔公司的射频，中频和直流电源；英国牛津科学公司的微波等离子体源，电子束蒸发源，原子源，高能电子衍射枪；英国PQL公司等离子体溅射镀膜设备，美国安斯超科学公司的磁控溅射阴极及溅射靶材，德国森泰科仪器公司的椭偏膜厚测量仪和等离子刻蚀沉积设备等。

By polarized FT-IR spectra and Grazing Incident-IR spectra the molecules in the LB films were found to show apparent dichromism.

掠角反射红外光谱与透射红外光谱比较及偏振红外光谱实验发现LB膜中分子取向表现出了明显的二向色性，显示在MⅢ和PⅠ的LB膜中介晶基取向趋于垂直于膜面，表面压力升高时更是如此。

This article is to make use of the monolayer membranes and liposome to study that interaction of hypericin with model membrane to understand the influence of hypericin on the biomembrane.

本文是利用分子单层膜与微脂质粒系统探讨金丝桃素与拟生物膜之间的交互作用，来了解金丝桃素对生物膜的影响。

Methods Based on molecular assembly technique, the matrix of agarose gel was deposited on the surface of glass plates,followed by drying, oxidation with NaIO 4 and cross linking with glutaraldehyde.

利用分子组装技术，以琼脂糖凝胶为基质，于玻片表面制成自组装膜，经过碘酸钠氧化后再与戊二醛分子偶联，而成为具有双功能分子层的薄膜。

In this paper, the perturbations of CTX-IX, which is a kind of cardiotoxin isolated from Naja naja atra, on artificial liposome, reconstituted system of dellpidated ATPase and phospholipld and mouse lymphacyte were investigated in order to understand the membrane toxlcology of CTX-IX in view of molecular dynamics of membrane, give clues for searching new toxic polypeptides that could kill the harmful cells and establish a example for the study of lipld-protein interaction and corresponding significance in membrane function.

本文研究了广东中华眼镜蛇毒中分离得到的心脏毒素CTX-IX和人工磷脂水化聚集体、ATP酶-磷脂重组体系和小鼠脾细胞之间的相互作用，试图从膜分子动力学角度理解心脏毒素的膜毒理，为杀伤细菌等有害细胞的毒性肽的寻找提供线索，在理论上亦为脂蛋白相互作用与膜结构功能的关系研究提供一个范例。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。