分子状

Discotic liquid crystal molecules play very important role in academical research field recently.

近年来盘状液晶分子在学术领域上占有相当重要的地位。

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Objective: To evaluate the effects of dendritic cells derived from bone marrow in the pathogenesis of asthma.

目的：研究哮喘小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞的表型及共刺激分子在哮喘发病中的影响。

To study and know well the rudimentary knowledge and the basic techniques of modern Microbiology are demanded for Graduate students. The experiments including the principle and operation of phase contrast microscope and fluorescence microscope; Microphotography , the technique of photographic enlargement;Applications of polymerase chain reaction ; Construction, transformation and detection of plasmid in E.coli ; Infectivity of virus and its molecular detection ; The technique of protoplast fusion in filamentary fungi ; Induction and purification of β-galactosidase from E.coli and assay the enzyme activity; Detection of GC content and DNA-DNA hybridization in bacteria ; Production , extraction and detection of poly--hyduoxy butyrate from bacteria.

以实验教学为主，要求研究生学习和掌握一些现代微生物学研究所需的基本技术，内容包括：相差显微镜、荧光显微镜的使用和显微摄影技术，PCR技术的应用，细菌质粒的构建、转化及检测技术，病毒的侵染性及其分子检测技术，丝状真菌原生质体融合技术，大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶的分离及纯化及其动力学测定技术，细菌G+C mol%的测定及细菌DNA-DNA杂交技术和聚羟基丁酸产生菌的发酵、产物提取及检测技术等。

The thermodynamic parameters in the separation of enantiomers of amino acid derivatives and diastereomers of cinchona alkaloids were calculated and the dissociation constants of cinchonine and cinchonidine on the cinchonine imprinted monolithic disk were determined by frontal analysis.

计算了氨基酸衍生物对映体以及辛可纳非对映异构体分离过程的热力学参数并利用前沿色谱法测定了辛可宁和辛可尼丁在盘状分子印迹整体柱上的离解平衡常数。

Part I Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in squamous differentiation induced by cigarette smoke in porcine airway epithelial cell Squamous differentiation of airway epithelium induced by diverse stimuli, such as cigarette smoke, has been thought to be an adaptive response to chronic injury as well as a precancerous lesion of lung squamous carcinoma.

第一部分糖原合成酶激酶3在吸烟诱导的猪气道上皮细胞鳞状分化中的作用研究气道上皮的鳞状细胞化生常见于慢性支气管炎症、致癌剂刺激等，一般被认为是对慢性损伤的一种适应性反应，也是肺鳞癌的癌前病变，其分子机制尚未完全阐明。

The anatomical localizations indicate that Al receptor and Dl receptor coexist in strionigro-strioentopeduncular neurons, and A2a receptor and D2 receptor coexist in striopallidals neurons. The heteromeric complexes of Al/D1、A2a/D2 receptor provided the molecular basis for the functional interactions of Al/Di and A2a/D2 receptor.

腺苷A1受体和多巴胺D1受体以及腺苷A2a受体和多巴胺D2受体分别共存於基底神经节中纹状体向黑质和脚内核投射的神经元以及纹状体向苍白球投射的神经元内。A1/D1、A2a/D2受体形成受体异聚复合体构成了受体一受体之间相互作用的分子基础。

It has been shown, however, that in terms of immune function, a transitional stage of dendritic cell maturation exists between immature myeloid dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells, which were named semimature dendritic cells.

新的研究发现一种半成熟树突状细胞亚群，其高表达主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ、中等表达CD40、CD80和CD86等分子，在自身免疫性疾病中表现出诱导免疫耐受的潜能，其与未成熟树突状细胞一道被认为是致耐受细胞。

There is granular material on the top and the edge of the spikes induced by nanosecond laser pulses in air atmosphere, which is formed by solidification of the droplets. The micro-structures formed in air are different from the slender whiskerlike structures created by excimer laser and also different from the conical microstructures with dendritic nanostructures formed under femtosecond laser irradiation.

部分锥形上还有二次尖峰形成，空气中纳秒激光诱导的锥形尖峰微结构顶端和边缘有由液滴固化形成的粒状物质，不同于利用准分子纳秒激光诱导的细长须状结构和飞秒激光辐照下产生的具有表面枝蔓状纳米结构的锥形微结构。

These were raised underinducing condition to test if any morphology and structure changes. Twenty two Arabidopsismutants had various changes in morphology and anatomical structures. Twenty mutants hadlow germination rate from 10% to 60%, of which 2 had survival rates at 0% and 50%. Fivemutants occurred structure changes in the hypocotyls or stem. One of these lines, namedarris-stem, showed some unique changes: slower growth rate in comparison with the wildtype from germination to florescence; serrated margin of leaf blades, spiral rosette; morebranch in the bottom part of the stem, shorter nodes, twisted stem and branch. There were oneor several arrises along the stem. Across sections of the arrises showed one or several compactcells lumps which were round, made up of several layers of cells, looked like vascular-bundle.

在诱导条件下，这些突变体表现出不同的形态和结构的变化，共有22个表型和结构发生变化。20个突变系发芽率或存活率较低，发芽率由10％—60％，其中2个突变系存活率分别为0％和50％。5个突变系在茎或下胚轴的结构上发生变化，其中一个突变系arris-stem发生如下表型变化：从真叶出现至开花结实的整个生长期，生长速度要明显比野生型拟南芥缓慢；叶缘有明显锯齿，莲座叶呈螺旋状排列；茎的基部有较多侧枝，侧枝间距明显缩短，茎有明显扭曲；突变体茎侧面有1至数条棱形突起，内部存在一至数个排列紧密的细胞团，由多层细胞呈环形排列，细胞壁明显加厚，内部存在管状分子，推测为维管组织。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。