分子状

The diverse types of tracheary elements and perforation plates in secondary xylem of A. asiatica show that previous knowledge about the tracheary elements and perforation plates in secondary xylem of A. asiatica is not complete and thus any inferences about the aboriginality and evolution of a taxon made depending on these traits are not reliable.

根据类叶升麻次生木质部中多变的管状分子类型，认为以往积累的有关毛茛科植物管状分子类型及导管穿孔板类型是不全面的，因此以该性状为参考作出的有关某一个类群的原始性和进化性的推论也是不可靠的。

According to the experiment results of degradation in field, degradation mechanism of the biodegradable mulch film can include four stages: the first, the material surface appeared deficiency while the surface area and interstice increased of material in the action of natural environment and microorganism; the second, along with the surface area and interstice of material increased and the gap strengthened, the chemical chain of the high polymer's principal chain broke as a result of the hydrolysis or the enzymatic effect in the action of hydration, causing the molecular weight and mechanics function descended; the third, the molecular of high polymer split the low polymer after its physical mechanical function descended, the material decomposed the fragments, the mass defect intensified; the fourth, the low polymer of fragments form in the natural environment, the microorganism, the biological enzyme became the smaller fragments, thus absorbed by the phagocytes, or further turn into CO2 and H2O due to hydrolysis.

根据田间降解试验结果推测，生物全降解地膜的降解机理可能包括四个阶段：第一，在自然环境、微生物作用下，材料表面出现缺陷，同时表面积增大、空隙增多；第二，随着材料表面积的增大、空隙的增多，吸水性增强，在自水合作用下，高聚物主链由于水解或酶解而使化学链断裂，导致分子量和力学性能下降；第三，在其物理机械性能下降后，高聚物分子链断裂为低聚物分子，材料裂解为碎片状，质量损失加剧；第四，碎片状低聚物在自然环境、微生物、生物酶作用下进一步水解变成尺寸更小的碎片，从而被吞噬细胞吸收，或进一步水解，生成CO2和H2O。

This project was established based on the first cooperative development of optical in situ real time detecting technique probing the atomic scale layer-by-layer epitaxy growth of oxide film. Over the last three years, we have given full play to the advantages and characteristics of both sides and have finished the assumptions and plans of this subject satisfactorily. 1. In Institute of Physics, we set up advanced oblique-incidence reflectivity difference equipment and wrote one data acquisition procedure that made the simultaneous detection of optical signal and RHEED signal into reality. 2. The first observation of sustained oscillations over hundreds of monolayers in both real and imaginary signals during the epitaxy growth of SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3 on SrTiO3 substrate in LMBE testifies that oblique-incidence is an excellent method to detect and monitor film epitaxy growth real time. 3. For the first time, we verify that oblique-incidence reflectivity difference method can be used to monitor the layer-by-layer growth mode during continuous growth through the correspondence between optical signals to atomic or molecular step edge density on the growth surface. 4. Phenomenological analysis shows that optical signals comprise three parts, the first is proportional to the average thickness of the film and depends on the bulk phase dielectric response; the second is proportional to the coverage of terraces and depends on the dielectric response of atoms or unit cells in the terrace; the third is proportional to the coverage of step edges and depends on the effective dielectric response of atoms or unit cells at step edges. This makes oblique-incident reflectivity difference technique a quantitative macroscopic method to monitor film growth.

中文摘要：本课题是在合作首次发展了氧化物薄膜原子尺度层状外延生长光学原位实时探测方法的基础上立项的，三年来，我们充分发挥双方的优势和特点，圆满完成了课题的设想和计划。1、在物理所建立了一套先进的光反射差法装置，编写了计算机系统的数据采集程序，实现了两路光学信号和RHEED数据的同步采集和显示。2、用激光分子束外延在SrTiO3基底上生长SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3薄膜，首次观测到连续外延几百个原胞层，周期振荡的光反射差实部和虚部信号，证明了光反射差法是一种能原位实时探测与监控薄膜层状外延生长的好方法。3、首次验证了通过对生长表面原子或分子台阶密度的响应，光反射差法可用于原位实时监测在连续生长条件下薄膜的层式生长模式。4、通过唯象理论的研究，证明光反射差信号由三项组成，第一项只与薄膜的平均厚度和宏观光学电介质常数有关；第二项与分子台阶面覆盖度和台阶面上分子层的光学电介质常数有关；第三项与台阶边缘的覆盖度成正比，并和在台阶边缘的分子的有效光学介电常数有关。

The major contents contained genomics of medical and industrial important microbes; molecular technology used in uncultivable microbes; virus molecular genetics; Streptomyces molecular genetics; filament fungal molecular genetics; yeast molecular genetics and microbial breeding.

本课程主要讲解医学微生物及工业微生物代表菌株的基因组学；难培养微生物的分子生物学研究技术；病毒分子遗传学；链霉菌分子遗传学；丝状真菌分子遗传学；酵母分子遗传学及微生物育种等内容。

The tracheary elements in secondary xylems of Actaea asiatica root and rhizomes were observered with a scanning electron microscope and found to contain abundant types, which mainly included tracheids, tracheid-like vessels, fibriform vessels, and typical vessels. Of these types, the tracheids, tracheid-like vessels, fibriform vessels were first found. Scalariform perforation plates, reticulate perforation plates, mixed perforation plates and simple perforation plates were observed in the typical vessels and the reticulate perforation plates ,mixed perforation plates were first founded the lateral-wall perforation plates, multiple end walls and pit membrane vestige were also observed in the tracheary elements.

利用扫描电子显微镜对毛茛科类叶升麻根和根状茎次生木质部中的管状分子进行观察，发现其管状分子类型丰富，主要有：管胞、管胞状导管、纤维导管和典型的导管分子，其中管胞、管胞状导管和纤维导管为在该类群中首次报道；在导管分子中，存在着梯状穿孔板、网状穿孔板、混合型穿孔板和单穿孔板，其中网状穿孔板和混合型穿孔板为在该类群中的首次报道；对其导管分子上的侧壁穿孔板、多穿孔板和纹孔膜残余也进行了描述。

In this thesis, we designed and synthesised twonew classes of organometallic dendrimers with the catalytically activecenter at the focal point of the dendrimers.

在本论文中，我们设计并合成了两类催化活性中心在树状分子末端的新型树状分子金属催化剂。

Emblica have many different forms and most of them have tails and their perforation plates divide into two types:(1)there is one simple perforation plate at each end of the vessel elements and (2) there is one simple perforation plate at one end of the vessel elements and two simple perforation plate at the other end;(3)a few vessel elements have special inclusions;(4)the intervascular pits are alternate pits;(5)the pits between the vessels and rays are mixed pits ,pits with transverse gashes and scalariform pits.

结果发现，余甘子次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式，导管分子大多数具尾；其穿孔板存在着两种类型：(1)两端均为1个单穿孔板；(2)一端为1个单穿孔板；另一端为2个单穿孔板；(3)极少数的导管分子具有特殊的内含物；(4)管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式；(5)导管射线间纹孔式为混合型纹孔与横列刻痕状纹孔以及梯状穿孔。

The amphiphiles, 4-8, can not form reverse bilayers in organic solvent, which result in that the molecular interactions unable to meet the need for hydrophile-lypophile balance, so that they crystallize and exhibit no gelling abilities. The mono-chained L-alanine derivatives, 1-3, can self-assemble into bilayer aggregates, through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and homochiral effect in a number of organic liquids, which are juxtaposed and interlocked by van der Waals interaction, and finally gelate the organic liquids.

单链酰基化L-丙胺酸两亲物1-3在一些低极性的有机溶剂可以通过分子间氢键相互作用及同手性聚集作用形成有序的反双分子膜结构，这些有序反双分子膜结构单元依靠vander Waals力相互作用可以平行排列且相互之间进行连结形成长纤维状的聚集体，纤维状聚集体在有机介质中可以进一步相互连结形成三维网状结构，进而胶凝有机溶剂。

The Lithostegia Ching was considered as a member of Peranemaceae for a long time, according to the research,we found that it has the typical scalariform perforation plates,no associated or crossed phenomena,and some region have intact plate,no dimorphic phenomena,no weblike or threadlike remnants,these suggest that The Lithostegia Ching is in a primal evolutional position.

与传统观点不同，我们认为穿孔板仅存在于端壁的管状分子为导管分子，而端壁和侧壁形态、结构相似，有或无穿孔板的管状分子为管胞，蕨类植物中的管状分子主要为管胞。

Then the surface of the star polymer was intramolecularly crosslinked using octa(3-azidopropyl)polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, POSS-(N_3)_8,as the inorganic multifunctional crosslinker at high dilution concentration via click chemistry,forming a novel POSS/polymer hybrid nanostructure.Thermogravimetric analysis shows that after surface crosslinking, the thermostability of the core crosslinked PS can be remarkably improved.In the second work,we synthesized of a novel polymer with quatrefoil-shaped topology.

接着，我们合成了一种结构规整的含八个叠氮功能团的无机分子—多面低聚倍半硅氧烷，以其为交联剂，我们通过Click反应在即稀浓度下实现了前驱体星型聚合物的分子内表面交联，得到了外层为无机分子交联，内层为有机高分子的星状高分子，这种新型的星状聚合物表现出了优良的热稳定性能。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。