分子层

In this thesis the planar bilayer lipid membranes inlaid with oxide cholesterol , phosphatidylcholine or cephalin have been prepared .The effects of membranes formulas on membranes stability and zinc ions transfer ability have also been studied.

中文摘要采用氧化胆固醇与磷脂混合作为成膜液制备双分子层脂质膜的方法，研究了制备平板双分子层脂质膜的配方和成膜条件，并对制得的双分子层脂质膜的稳定性、离子通透性、离子选择通过性能、双层膜中氧化胆固醇对通透性的影响等进行了研究。

Experimental result makes clear, the main reason that structure of revulsive bursa bubble alters exterior activator is exterior activator embeds in the double element layer of bursa bubble, the inhomogenous sex that the exterior charge intensity that changed bursa bubble thereby and the exterior activator after embedding distributing in layer of bursa bubble double element.

实验结果表明，表面活性剂诱导囊泡结构改变的主要原因是表面活性剂嵌入到囊泡的双分子层中，从而改变了囊泡的表面电荷强度以及嵌入后的表面活性剂在囊泡双分子层中分布的不均匀性。

This material can form stable monolayer on a water surface to be transferred onto solid substrates.

此材料可以在水面上形成稳定的单分子层膜，并且所形成的单分子层膜可以转移到固体衬底上去。

The reaction with free protons generates an organic monomolecular layer at the inorganic surface - in contrast to the polymolecular layers typical with other coupling agents - which in combination with the chemical structure of the titanates creates novel substrate surface energy modifications and polymer phase interactions.

与自由质子的反应导致在无机填料表面产生了一个有机单分子层（相比之下，其它偶联剂形成多分子层），这样连同钛酸酯的化学结构就创造出了新型底基表面能改性方法和聚合物相间作用方式。

This project was established based on the first cooperative development of optical in situ real time detecting technique probing the atomic scale layer-by-layer epitaxy growth of oxide film. Over the last three years, we have given full play to the advantages and characteristics of both sides and have finished the assumptions and plans of this subject satisfactorily. 1. In Institute of Physics, we set up advanced oblique-incidence reflectivity difference equipment and wrote one data acquisition procedure that made the simultaneous detection of optical signal and RHEED signal into reality. 2. The first observation of sustained oscillations over hundreds of monolayers in both real and imaginary signals during the epitaxy growth of SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3 on SrTiO3 substrate in LMBE testifies that oblique-incidence is an excellent method to detect and monitor film epitaxy growth real time. 3. For the first time, we verify that oblique-incidence reflectivity difference method can be used to monitor the layer-by-layer growth mode during continuous growth through the correspondence between optical signals to atomic or molecular step edge density on the growth surface. 4. Phenomenological analysis shows that optical signals comprise three parts, the first is proportional to the average thickness of the film and depends on the bulk phase dielectric response; the second is proportional to the coverage of terraces and depends on the dielectric response of atoms or unit cells in the terrace; the third is proportional to the coverage of step edges and depends on the effective dielectric response of atoms or unit cells at step edges. This makes oblique-incident reflectivity difference technique a quantitative macroscopic method to monitor film growth.

中文摘要：本课题是在合作首次发展了氧化物薄膜原子尺度层状外延生长光学原位实时探测方法的基础上立项的，三年来，我们充分发挥双方的优势和特点，圆满完成了课题的设想和计划。1、在物理所建立了一套先进的光反射差法装置，编写了计算机系统的数据采集程序，实现了两路光学信号和RHEED数据的同步采集和显示。2、用激光分子束外延在SrTiO3基底上生长SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3薄膜，首次观测到连续外延几百个原胞层，周期振荡的光反射差实部和虚部信号，证明了光反射差法是一种能原位实时探测与监控薄膜层状外延生长的好方法。3、首次验证了通过对生长表面原子或分子台阶密度的响应，光反射差法可用于原位实时监测在连续生长条件下薄膜的层式生长模式。4、通过唯象理论的研究，证明光反射差信号由三项组成，第一项只与薄膜的平均厚度和宏观光学电介质常数有关；第二项与分子台阶面覆盖度和台阶面上分子层的光学电介质常数有关；第三项与台阶边缘的覆盖度成正比，并和在台阶边缘的分子的有效光学介电常数有关。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

The results are as follows:(1) immunoreactive neurons of NPY in medulla oblongata of Taihe silky fowl, New jianghan domestic chicken are mainly localized in the inferior olivary nucleus.

结果如下：(1)在泰和乌鸡和江汉鸡的延髓中，NPY阳性神经元主要存在于下橄榄核，网状核及中缝核也少量出现；(2)在泰和乌鸡和肉鸽的小脑中，NPY阳性神经元主要存在于小脑皮质的蒲肯野氏细胞层，且以小叶顶端的蒲肯野氏细胞阳性明显，而小脑皮质的分子层、颗粒层未见阳性反应细胞；(3)泰和乌鸡延髓的网状细胞核非常发达；泰和乌鸡小脑皮质分3层，由外至内依次为分子层、蒲肯野氏细胞层和颗粒层；小脑分10叶，Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅹ为单叶，其余各叶都分为2～3个小叶；(4)非洲鸵鸟迷走神经运动背核和疑核特别发达，孤束核吻侧部不发达。

In order to absorb different wavelength of sunlight to extend the absorption of the entire cell over a wider spectral range, we stacked a small-molecular cell on a polymer subcell. Between the two subcells, we deposited Cs2CO3, Ag, and MoO3, to serve as the connecting structure.

使有机太阳能电池能更完全地吸收太阳能，在本研究中我们在高分子主动层上叠接一小分子元件，且在两主动层与中间电极银之间，分别加入碳酸铯及氧化钼，以帮助高分子层的电子注入及帮助小分子层电洞注入，以达成有效的元件连结。

The SERS of various concentration of Reactive Red, Acid Red, Acid Black, Direct sol orange and Calcon Carboxylic Acid adsorbed on silver colloid are studied by micro-Raman spectrometer. It has been found that the SERS intensity of absorbed molecules is mainly from the nearest molecule layer to the surface of silver colloid. That is, SERS has its single layer saturation effect. 2. The technique of direct deposition of silver colloid on a Kaolinite surface is first described.

以银溶胶作基底，利用显微拉曼光谱仪对不同浓度的活性艳红、酸性红、酸性黑、直接耐晒橙四种染料和钙羧酸指示剂的表面增强拉曼光谱进行了研究，结果表明，由于表面增强拉曼散射具有单分子层饱和效应和银溶胶系统对荧光的猝灭率很高，能吸附染料分子并增强拉曼散射的强度，且吸附分子的表面增强拉曼散射的强度，主要是由于最靠近银溶胶的一层分子的增强，而第一层以外的分子贡献很小。

We have come to the following conclusions:(1) the existence of the monoatomic layer is conditional, it depends upon the temperature, surface structure and purity of the substrate as well as upon the vacuum environment;(2) the appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of the emission peaks is a problem for further study, and it can not be explained simply by the monoatomic layer...

关于时而能、时而又不能观察到的电子发射峰值，是一个有待于进一步明确的现象，不能简单地用单原子层和偶极子理论来解释；3。吸附了外界原子或分子使电子发射增加的事实，并不是由于偶极矩降低了基底的逸出功，发射的电子来源于被吸附物质的价电子；4。实验证明&L&阴极是Ba-O-W系统，它既不是单原子层，也不是单分子层，也不适用偶极子理论。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。