分子

Evolutionism is the most important theory in life science. With the development of molecular biology, the research of evolution has been pushed to the molecular standard.

分子生物学的发展，把进化研究推进到分子水平，因而在分子水平研究亲缘关系已成为生物信息学的重要篇章。

Since the High-Lying Vibrational excited levels and dissociate behavior of gas diatomic molecules: H2, O2, N2 and CO are very important in actual studies and applications, using the algebra method and the algebra energy method to obtained full vibrational energy spectra {E} and molecular dissociation energies are base on limited experiment energy level {E} in this paper. The study result has provided the important high vibrational excited state energy level and the reliable dissociation energy data for the research partial dissociating gas physics and the chemical property.

鉴于气体双原子分子H2、O2、N2和CO的高振动激发态能级和离解行为在实际研究中的重要性，本文应用代数方法和代数能量方法，以部分气体双原子分子有限的实验能级［E］为基础，获得了H2-X1Σ、O2-A^3Σ、O2-c1Σ、N2-X1Σ和CO-X^1Σ共5个电子态的完全振动能谱｛E｝及其分子的离解能，为研究部分离解气体的物理和化学性质提供了重要的高振动激发态能级和可幸的离解能数据。

Block-copolyimide film from pPDA/ODA-PMDA was studied by TEM, SEM, PLM, ultra-deep three-dimensional microscope, TMA, and WAXD, which showed that the extensile strength and modulus of b-PI film were higher than that of irregular copolyimide film. It was also revealed that there was a large amount of crystallite formed in b-PI film, which was mainly attributed to its chain structure: rigid pPDA-PMDA chains were easy to form crystal nucleus because of phase separation, based on which semi-rigid PMDA-ODA molecular chains began to crystallize.

以pPDA／ODA-PMDA型嵌段共聚酰亚胺薄膜为对象，借助TEM、SEM、PLM、超景深三维显微镜、TMA、WAXD等手段，研究结果表明：b-PI薄膜的拉伸强度、弹性模量均高于无规共聚酰亚胺薄膜；b-PI薄膜中形成了大量的微晶，这是由于刚棒状的pPDA-PMDA分子链段因相分离容易形成晶核，然后半刚性的PMDA-ODA分子链段以PMDA-pPDA为晶核进行晶体生长造成的，而且ODA-PMDA分子链的结晶和酰亚胺化反应基本上是同步进行的。

Appling proteomics,we can detect various of characteristic proteome,which induce intramolecular or extramolecular aggregation in α-crystallin and reduce its activity and accelerate the cataract formation.

白内障发生时，多种疾病特征性的蛋白质组改变，可导致α-晶体蛋白分子内或分子间的交联，分子伴侣活性下降，加速白内障的形成。

Repens L. and E. intermedia Nevski by using SSR, in order to provide science theories basis and base to further study E. repens L. drought resistance gene molecular marker, discover excellent drought resistance gene source , fast and efficiently select with the molecular marker of drought resistance gene catena for E.

通过对20 份来源不同的偃麦草与中间偃麦草种质材料在室内模拟逆境和田间干旱条件下进行抗旱材料的筛选和鉴定，应用SSR 技术对偃麦草抗旱分子标记进行引物筛选，为进一步深入研究偃麦草与中间偃麦草抗旱基因分子标记、发掘优异抗旱基因源，快速高效筛选出与偃麦草与中间偃麦草抗旱基因连锁的分子标记提供科学理论依据和基础。

In order to know more about the microcosmic structure of the important biochemical model molecule formamide in aqueous solution, the Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations-All Atom model were used in the molecular dynamics simulation for the aqueous solution of FM in the whole concentration range. The radial distribution functions of the solutions were obtained. The interaction between water molecule and FM molecule was analyzed and calculated.

为了解重要的生化模型甲酰胺在水溶液中的微观结构，采用全原子力场在全浓度范围内对甲酰胺溶液进行了分子动力学模拟，得到了溶液的径向分布函数，分析计算了溶质和溶剂分子间的相互作用，对甲酰胺和水分子的氢键缔合情况进行了分析。

By compared with standard Brownian motion, the fractional dimension number of path of practical liquid molecular motion is analyzed theoretically on the basis of fractal theory.

运用分子动力学模拟方法，模拟了84K恒温液氩系统中分子的运动过程，统计了不同空间观测尺度及时间观测尺度下分子运动轨迹的分维数。

FRAP is a technique widely usedin cell biology to observe the dynamics of biological systems, including the diffusionof membrane components.

FRAP是在细胞生物学中被广泛用于测定生物体系动态性包括生物膜组分动态扩散的一种技术，其原理是利用高强度激光将细胞内一小部分区域的荧光分子漂白，然后通过记录该区域随后的荧光恢复，检测周围未漂白区域内的荧光分子与漂白区域荧光分子的交互扩散。

I know that Molecular gastronomy is a scientific discipline involving the study of physical and chemical processes that occur in cooking, but this is the first time I'm coming across a device that actually allows you to do some Molecular Cooking!

分子烹饪？我知道，分子美食是一个科学学科的研究涉及物理和化学过程中发生的烹饪，但这是第一次我碰到一个设备，实际上可以做一些分子烹饪！

The study has shown:(1) With increasing sediment depth and the woody giblets, the total organic carbon, the extraction of benzene , the total humic acids and the unhydrolyte are enhanced, while the hydrolyte is decreasing.(2) According to the GC-MS analysis, n-alkane,n-alkan-2-ones and n-alkanones are composed mainly of long-chains,such a result is thought to be characteristic of a herbaceous input from 2300a.B.P. n-alkanones exist in the samples may be considered as the evidence of microorganisms activity.(3) It is showed that the lipids is more sensitive to the climate change than the floristic. The proxy of the pollen spore of the peat stratum is different from the normal environment proxy. It is one of the main reasons that the sensitivity difference of the bog vegetation reacting to the climate isn't accordant with the log of the fat molecule fossil and biology fossil.(4) The transformation of the peat organic carbon is under the influence of temperature,acidity,organic material constituting, etc, and it showed the up-trend with the depth. In the short-term scale, the conversion of the peat organic carbon is effected by seasonal water,regional climate and vegetations; while in the long-term scale, it is controlled mainly by the climate.(5) According to the comparing the orderliness of organic compound,vegetation giblets with the depth to the characteristics of the peat molecule fossil with the section, in the development of this peatmire, 1500a B.P（210cm）is regard as the borderline of the late Holocene, the keynote of the front period is warm with several cold fluctuations, and the trend of the back period is dry and cold although there were several fluctuations.

研究表明：（1）随深度的增高及植物残体中木本残体的增多，总有机碳、苯萃取物、总腐植酸、不被水解物含量逐渐增高，而易水解物含量减少；（2）GC- MS分析显示，正构烷烃，直链烷基2-酮和正烷醇均以长链组分为主，揭示了该泥炭柱剖面2347a.B.P的母源输入以草本植物为主；甲基酮类和短链正烷醇的存在是微生物活性很大的生物证据；（3）通过有机分子标志物与孢粉、植物残体等指标的对比研究表明：脂类化合物对气候变化的反映要比植物种灵敏得多，不同沼泽植物对气候变化的敏感性的差异是脂类分子化石记录与生物大化石结果很难一致的主要原因之一；（4）泥炭有机碳的转化受到温度、酸度、有机物质组成等很多因素的影响，短时间尺度，泥炭有机碳的转化受季节性降水、地方气候和植被等因素的影响；长时间尺度，泥炭地有机碳的转化，受气候条件控制；（5）总结泥炭分子化石特征、泥炭有机质各组分含量及植物残体组成随深度的变异规律，分析结果显示该泥炭地层形成过程中，1500a B.P（210cm）可作为划分前后晚全新世的界线，前期的基调是气候偏暖，但又有几次偏干冷气候的反复，后期气候以干冷为主，其间虽有几次上升波动，但整体趋势不变。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。