函数变量

It depends on the increment of invariants of the stress, and therefore is independent of the rotation of the principal axes of stress.

使用张量函数表示定理，给出了内变量演化方程的一般表达式，它取决于应力不变量的增量，因而与主轴旋转无关。

A standard expected value model for multi-objective multi-stage transmission planning is presented to realize the transmission optimal planning with the control of line overloading risks. In this model, a constraint of overloading risks is built with expected value and standard deviation of random line active power and two objectives are given as expected value of the average power loss and discount value of the investment cost. By modeling uncertain informations with probability theory, the probabilistic DC power flow is adopted for the correlated calculations among random variables in the planning model.4 A novel multi-objective transmission planning approach that considers transmission investment profit is proposed. Requests for transmission investment profit and social welfare are involved in the proposed planning approach.

以方案总投资费用贴现值和平均网损期望值为目标函数，建立多目标多阶段输电网规划的期望值模型，以线路有功潮流过负荷随机变量的期望值和标准差构建过负荷风险约束，考虑了风险发生概率和严重程度两方面的特征，通过对不确定性信息的概率建模，利用概率直流潮流进行各随机变量的相关计算，实现了控制过负荷风险条件下的输电网优化规划。4提出考虑输电投资收益的多目标输电网规划方法，综合考虑市场参与者对输电投资收益和社会总福利的要求加热管及其对输电网规划的影响。

Fuzzy variable ; Random variable ; Fuzzy safety event ; Membership function ; Fuzzy reliability

模糊变量；随机变量；模糊安全事件；隶属函数；模糊可靠度

The advantages and limitations of every kind of methods for calculating the failure probability is reviewed. The frist order reliability method, the second order reliability method and many kinds of boundary method have achieved remarkable success and formed nature fields of reliability. However, the precision of these methods decrease as the increase of complexity of problem. The numrical methods are versatile, except numerical intergration is only adaptable to special problems which have small number variables and regular intergral domain. Particularly, the advanced variance reduction techniques own the following character: high precision and a small amount computation. But some questions remain to study in the future because only an initial work about these techniqes is developed.

全面评述了计算失效概率各种方法的优点和局限性，其中经典的解析法包括一次可靠性方法、二次可靠性方法、一阶边界法、Vanmarcke上边界、PENT上边界和Ditlevsen二阶窄边界法，这些方法对于多设计点、变量较多且相关、密度函数不是正态以及极限状态方程较复杂的情况，其计算精度较差；而已有的数值方法却是具有较好的通用性，其中除数值积分法只对变量较少、积分域较规则的特殊问题适用外，各种数值模拟方法均具有较广的适应性，特别是各种改进的方差减小技术，精度高、计算量小，但由于其处在研究的初级阶段，还有许多问题有待于解决。

In this method, the decision-making variables of GA are the unknown quantities of the non-linear equations, the target function for optimization is the minimum of the root-mean-square error between the computational value on the left and the real value on the right in equations, and the initial value is generated randomly in the feasible fields of the decision-making variables.

该算法以非线性方程组的待求量为决策变量，方程组两端向量的均方差最小值为目标函数，初值在决策变量可行域内随机产生。

This paper discusses the strong laws of large numbers for random variable functions, and proves a strong law of large numbers for random variable functions by the analytical method.

文章主要讨论了任意随机变量序列泛函的强大数定律，并采用分析的方法证明了任意随机变量序列泛函的强大数定律，作为推论，得到了有关非齐次马尔可夫链函数的一个强大数定律。

When the Hamiltonian system is introduced into the research of dynamic buckling in cylindrical shells, the problem uses dual variables in Symplectic space instead of variables in traditional Euclidean space. The symplectic eigenfunction expansion method gives out an exact solution space. So many problems are solved, which can not find the solution in traditional methods.

将哈密顿体系引入结构的动态屈曲研究中，其意义在于将结构的动态屈曲研究从传统的欧几里得几何空间进入到由原变量和对偶变量组成的辛几何空间之中，从而使辛本征函数展开的直接解析法得以实施，这样就可以求解许多以往半逆凑合法无法求解的问题，并且所得到的解空间是完备的。

However, unlike a pure functional language, it does not allow variable substitutability if the variable declaration contains construction of new nodes.

但是，与一个纯正的函数式语言不同的是，如果变量的声明中包含有新节点的构造式，它不支持变量的可替换性。）

It is difficult to control a single inverted pendulum system because of the characteristics of multi-variable, nonlinear and absolutely instability of the system. A controller based on adaptative neuro-fuzzy inference system is designed by using Matlab/Simulink software in the paper. For the sampling data the hybrid algorithm of back propagation algorithm and least squares algorithm is applied in the paper. Thus the parameters of membership function are adjusted and all of the fuzzy rules are generated automatically.

摘 要：针对单级倒立摆系统具有多变量、非线性、绝对不稳定的特点，本文应用Matlab/Simulink 设计了用于倒立摆系统的基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的ANFIS控制器，采用反向传播算法和最小二乘算法的混合算法对倒立摆控制样本数据进行学习，调整各变量的隶属度函数，自动产生模糊规则。

As one of the leading branches of the modern statistics, the riouparametric regression analysis is widely applied to explore the relationship between the the response variable y and the covariable A'.

对于非参数回归人们提出了许多估计方法，如核估计，局部多项式估计，光滑样条估计，级数估计(傅里叶级数估计，小波级数估计)等。这些方法本质上讲都是局部估计或局部光滑，当回归变量X为一维变量时，非参数回归函数用这些方法一般都能得到很好的估计。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。