函数

Since the gamma function grows very quickly, it can easily overflow, and so the logarithm of the gamma function is often more useful than the gamma function itself.

由于伽玛函数的生长速度非常快，很容易溢出，所以伽玛函数的对数通常比更有用伽玛函数本身。

In noncommutative scalar field theories, the appearing of nonplanar diagrams is related to permutation symmetry of field functions in the interaction Lagrangian, while in NCQED we can not arbitrarily change the positions of field functions in the interaction Lagrangian because different positions of the field functions correspond to different representations of the gauge group.

这里需要特别指出的是NCQED的非平面图产生的原因与非对易标量场根本不同，非对易标量场非平面图的产生是和相互作用拉氏量密度中场函数间位置的置换对称性有关，而在NCQED中我们不能随便交换相互作用拉氏量密度中场函数的位置，因为场函数的不同位置对应着规范群的不同表示。

The subsection integral is used to get a simple function at first in the numerical calculation, and boundary integral is realized by gauss integral on each panel and line, then the complexity and isstability as a result of the high frequency surge function can be avoided.

数值计算中，首先采用分部积分对被积函数进行简化处理，然后采用高斯积分实现面元和线元上的积分，避免了被积函数为高频振荡函数所带来的数值计算的复杂性和不确定性。

Furthermor, we consider their nondiferentiable situation, we define nonsmooth univex functions for Lipschitz functions by using Clarke generalized directional derivative and study nonsmooth multiobjective fractional programming with the new convexity. We establish generalized Karush-Kuhn-Tucker necessary and sufficient optimality condition and prove weak, strong and strict converse duality theorems for nonsmooth multiobjective fractional programming problems containing univex functions.

而且，本文利用Clarke广义方向导数针对Lipschitz函数在原来一致凸函数概念的基础上定义了不可微的一致凸函数，并利用这类新凸性，我们研究了非光滑多目标分式规划，获得了广义Karush-Kuhn-Tucher最优性条件；弱对偶定理、强对偶定理和严格逆对偶定理。

This generalized activation function allows more flexible or more specific description of activation functions.

这种类型的激活函数类与其他类型的激活函数类相比，更加灵活和准确地描述了激活函数的形状。

In Part 5, the stability of linear large-scale singular dynamic system is investigated by using the method of vector generalized Lyapunov function and the sum type of scalar generalized Lyapunov function, respectively.

首先研究线性广义系统二次型李雅普诺夫函数的存在性；然后建立按线性近似系统决定非线性广义系统稳定性的准则；进而改进广义李雅普诺夫函数法以研究广义系统的稳定性；最后提出利用非线性函数的偏导数矩阵判别非线性微分-代数系统稳定性的若干简便判据。

The universal generating function can express the relation between system performance level and state probability, and use the u-functions of elements to obtain the u-function of system.

通用生成函数能够表达系统性能水平和状态概率之间的关系，并且可以方便地由元件的u函数获得系统的u函数。

Firstly, Geodesic distance is introduced to overcome the weakness of Euclidean distance. Then, neighborhood rough set model is introduced to make full use of neighborhood local information and also can avoid the discrete process of numerical attributes.

最后将一个二进制DE算法运用到特征选择，为了设计合理的适应度函数，本文首先针对基于欧氏距离类内类间评价函数的不足，引入流形中的测地线距离，力求保持数据集内在特性的基础上，提出了一个基于测地距离的适应度函数。

A generalized Gaussian Laplacian eigenmap algorithm based on geodesic distance is proposed,which incorporates geodesic distance and generalized Gaussian function into the original Laplacian eigenmap algorithm.GGLE algorithm can adjust the similarities between nodes of neighborhood graph,and can preserve the different degrees of local properties by using super-Gaussian function,Gaussian function or sub-Gaussian function.Moreover,GGLE can avoid the deficiency of Euclidean distance by using geodesic distance when neighborhoods of data points are enlarged for preserving more neighborhood relations.Experimental results show that the global low-dimensional coordinates obtained by GGLE have different clustering properties and different degrees of preserving local neighborhood structures when different generalized Gaussian functions are used to measuring the similarities between high-dimensional data points.(3) An ensemble-based discriminant algorithm based on GGLE is proposed.

该算法将测地线距离和广义高斯函数融合到传统的拉普拉斯特征映射算法中，可以调整近邻图结点间的相似度，通过选择超高斯、高斯或者次高斯函数来实现不同程度的近邻局部特性的保持；而且当需要保持更多的近邻关系使得数据点邻域增大时，采用测地线距离可以避免欧氏距离度量不合理的缺陷；实验结果表明在用不同的广义高斯函数度量高维数据点间的相似度时，局部近邻结构保持的程度是不同的，GGLE获得的全局低维坐标也呈现出不同的聚类特性。

Function is an important mathematical model, which brings to light the dependent relation between the variable in the objective world and the variable, but the graph of function then directly displays character and estate of function.

函数是揭示客观世界中变量与变量之间依赖关系的重要数学模型，而函数的图像则是对函数性态的直观表述。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。