出生后的

Separately in the optical microscope and electron microscope observation of the growth plate of rats in each group metaphyseal tibia morphological changes of the organization.

分别在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下观察各组仔鼠出生后20天胫骨干骺端生长板的组织形态学改变。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

Developmental nociceptive responses were tested using tail flicklatencies on postnatal days 8, 15, and 30 ( n = 3 per group).

使用甩尾痛觉测试仪在出生后第8、第15、第三30天评价伤害反应的发育情况（每组 n ＝3）。

Megakaryocytes in fetal liver and bone marrow are small sized during ontogenesis and remain so until a few months after delivery .

在胚胎发育时期，无论是胎肝造血还是骨髓造血，巨核细胞形态均较小，直到出生后几个月，仍小于成人的巨核细胞。

These findings are consistent with the previous knowledge that IGF-2 is mainly expressed during the embryonic phase, IGF-1 is mainly expressed during the postnatal period, which could promote cell proliferation and ontogenesis.

这与IGF-2主要在胚胎期发挥作用，而IGF-1则主要在动物个体出生后才发挥促进细胞增殖和个体发育功能的特点相符。

We analyzed this experience to determine factors associated with procedural and postnatal outcome.

我们分析了这一经验以确定和操作及出生后结局有关的因素。

Promotion of postnatal growth has been proposed to ameliorate these effects.

一直有建议通过出生后助长的方法来改善这些危险因素。

The study included 100 babies, both male and female, who were evaluated 24-48 hours after birth. These babies were all prenatally exposed to smoking.

这项研究包括100个在胎儿期暴露在吸烟环境中的婴儿，有男有女，都在出生后24-48小时内进行了评估。

Infants and young children during salivation are many reasons, some in 2-4 months after birth, the beginning of salivation, after more, especially in the 5-6 months when the more remarkable.

婴幼儿时期流涎的原因很多，有的在出生后2－4个月开始流涎，以后越多，特别是在5－6个月时更加显著。

The farmed animals who aren''t killed shortly after birth go through experiences like tattooing, branding, ear tagging, tail cropping, castrating...

而没在出生后不久即被杀害的农场动物，却须历经刺身，烙印，耳编号，剪尾，去势。。。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。