出牙

ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between anatomic structure of the inferior alveolar nerve canal and dental implantation by measuring mandible innervation esemplarsMETHODSThe intramandibular course of mandibular canal and its dimendion were measured in 15 mandibles with teeth; the relationship between blood vessel and nerve was observed in 5 fresh samples in which the artery was filled; and then the data were analyzed by statisticsRESULTSThe mandibular canal was close to the lingual side and the inferior margin of the mandible, the mandibular canal and the 10mm underside of mandible were parallel in the region of the first and the second molars, it runned outboard to genal aperture when it was hereabout genal aperture, and the blood vessel lay above nerve in the mandibular canalCONCLUSIONIn implant operation performed according to normal anatomy, injury to inferior alveolar nerve may be avoided.

［目的］探讨下颌管的解剖结构与牙种植的关系［方法］选取15具牙列完整的成人离体下颌骨标本和5具经过动脉血管内灌注的新鲜标本，测量下颌骨在每个牙位截面上有关牙槽嵴及下颌管的相关数据，进行统计学分析［结果］牙槽嵴顶以及下方10mm宽度由前向后逐渐增宽；牙槽嵴由上向下逐渐增宽；下颌管位于下颌骨体内下方走行中偏舌侧，并近下颌骨下缘，在下颌第1，2磨牙区下颌管走行与下颌下缘成平行状，在近颏孔处转向外和向颊侧出颏孔；下颌管内血管位于下牙槽神经之上［结论］牙种植术中按正常解剖部位并且侧重颊侧骨板操作，可避免损伤下牙槽神经；如果术中下颌管内突然涌出大量新鲜血液，则提示若继续手术可能损伤下牙槽神经。

ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between anatomic structure of the inferior alveolar nerve canal and dental implantation by measuring mandible innervation esemplarsMETHODS The intramandibular course of mandibular canal and its dimendion were measured in 15 mandibles with teeth; the relationship between blood vessel and nerve was observed in 5 fresh samples in which the artery was filled; and then the data were analyzed by statisticsRESULTSThe mandibular canal was close to the lingual side and the inferior margin of the mandible, the mandibular canal and the 10mm underside of mandible were parallel in the region of the first and the second molars, it runned outboard to genal aperture when it was hereabout genal aperture, and the blood vessel lay above nerve in the mandibular canalCONCLUSIONIn implant operation performed according to normal anatomy, injury to inferior alveolar nerve may be avoided.

［目的］探讨下颌管的解剖结构与牙种植的关系［方法］选取15具牙列完整的成人离体下颌骨标本和5具经过动脉血管内灌注的新鲜标本，测量下颌骨在每个牙位截面上有关牙槽嵴及下颌管的相关数据，进行统计学分析［结果］牙槽嵴顶以及下方10mm宽度由前向后逐渐增宽；牙槽嵴由上向下逐渐增宽；下颌管位于下颌骨体内下方走行中偏舌侧，并近下颌骨下缘，在下颌第1，2磨牙区下颌管走行与下颌下缘成平行状，在近颏孔处转向外和向颊侧出颏孔；下颌管内血管位于下牙槽神经之上［结论］牙种植术中按正常解剖部位并且侧重颊侧骨板操作，可避免损伤下牙槽神经；如果术中下颌管内突然涌出大量新鲜血液，则提示若继续手术可能损伤下牙槽神经。

objective: to evaluate the clinical application of helical ct for the location or treatment of maxilla embedded tooth in the dental orthopaedics.method: 18 cases with embedded tooth of maxilla were made with clinical examination, dentomaxillary pantomography, submaxilla lateral projection and helical ct.the operation be done for supernumerary tooth,distorted teeth,inverted tooth.three embedded tooth of non-inverted tooth were done by orthopaedics.result: among the 18 embedded tooth ,there were 11 palatally and 6 labially presented teeth,1 the 18 patients is mediately with completely inverted supernumerary tooth.all preoperative assessment are one and all in operative or orthopaedics and primary wound healing.

四川大学华西口腔医学院正畸科，四川成都 610041摘要：目的：正畸治疗中对上颌埋伏牙如何定性，定位，并要对此是采取手术拔除［1］或者是正畸治疗进行探讨。方法：对18例（其中1例为2颗多生牙，1颗多生牙已长出，另一颗为完全倒置的多生牙），上颌前部埋伏牙采用临床检查以及拍摄全景片、头侧位片螺旋ct轴位和表面成像等检查［2～4］对埋伏的多生牙、畸形牙和倒置牙共15例采用了相应的手术进路拔除，对形态正常且不倒置的3颗埋伏牙采用了正畸治疗。

Medicine, said abnormal tooth eruption such as "viviparous teeth","new teeth""the birth of teeth" and so on.

医学上称这类萌出的异常牙为"胎生牙"、"新生牙""诞生牙"等。

Results Maxillary first and second molars were more mesially inclined in the first group, particularly in the younger subjects (16～25 years).

结果 上颌第三磨牙萌出组与未萌出组相比，上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙更向近中倾斜，而且随年龄的增加倾斜度也变大。

Results Maxillary first and second molars were more mesially inclined in the first group, particularly in the younger subjects (16～25 years). This inclination increased with age.

结果 上颌第三磨牙萌出组与未萌出组相比，上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙向近中倾斜，而且随年龄的增加倾斜度也变。

Results Maxillary first and second molars were more mesially inclined in the first group, particularly in the younger subjects (16～25 years). This inclination increased with age.

结果 上颌第三磨牙萌出组与未萌出组相比，上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙更向近中倾斜，而且随年龄的增加倾斜度也变大。

Methods: Fifty-fix adolescents were chosen and divided into first premolar extraction and nonextraction groups, with 30 and 26 patients respectively. The pretreatment and posttreatment panoramic radiographs were taken. The indexes of third molar eruption space, distance from third molar to occlusal plane and the length of mandible were measured and analyzed.

选择56例上下颌第三磨牙均存在的患者进行方丝弓正畸治疗，按照第一前磨牙拔除与否分为拔牙组（30例）和非拔牙组（26例），利用术前术后曲面断层片对患者上下颌第三磨牙萌出间隙、第三磨牙与胎平面的距离以及下颌长度进行测量分析。

Methods: The sample consisted143 children which were in early permanent dentition of ClassⅡ,Division 1malocclusion .Pre-and post-treatment study models were assessed using PeerAssessment Rating index. According to the outcome of treatment, thesecases were classified into three types as "worse, no different","improved"and"greatly improved". The cephalometric analysis and Model Analysis werepreformed with pretreatment lateral cephalograms and study models for"improved"and "greatly improved"cases."T"–test was assessed to find out thesignificant difference between the extraction and nonextraction, and the resultsincluding age factor were analyzed by stepwise discriminant analysis.

应用PAR 指数对矫治前后的143 副恒牙早期的安氏Ⅱ类1 分类错牙合患者牙牙合模型进行评估分析，按矫治结果等级分为三类A、变坏或无改善，B、改善，C、极大改善，然后将B、C 两类患者矫治前的头影测量片及模型分析数据按拔牙与未拔牙进行成组t 检验的单因素分析，找出两组间有显著差异的软硬组织和牙牙合模型指标，对这些指标合并年龄因素进行逐步判别分析。

On the termination date, the cultured explants were all examined by Western blot, HE and transmission electron microscope. Our results showed that after 12-days in culture, the cultivation treated with AS-ODN reduced the synthesis of AMBN and had a deformed dental cusp with thinner enamel matrix. Ultrastructure analyses showed that there was hardly any cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the ameloblasts at the tip of the cusp of AS-ODN treatedexplants. However, on average the enamel matrix was thinner compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, the collagen fibers in extracellular matrix were found disorganized. These findings seemed to provide a direct experimental evidence that tended to indicate that the arrested AMBN translation in cultured tooth germs might result in the delay of the tooth development.

经用Western蛋白印迹检测表明，所设计的反义核酸对AMBN InRNA具有良好的封闭效果并成功阻断了牙胚对AMBN的表达；在缺乏AMBN情况下，与对照组相比，实验组牙胚在体外可以继续生长发育至钟状晚期，出现成釉细胞和成牙本质细胞的分化，成釉细胞可以分化成为分泌期型成釉细胞，胞浆中缺少合成蛋白质所必需的粗面内质网和高尔基氏体，缺乏溶酶体，表明对蛋白合成和脚的能力降低；实验组牙胚有牙尖形成和基质分泌，但牙尖形态异常，基质形成减少，牙尖周围基质最厚处为O.6卜m，明显薄于对照组的5.spin，基质中胶原纤维粗细不等，排列稀疏， 3 第四军医大学硕士学位论文未见钙化现象，充分证明了AMBN在牙胚发育中参与釉质基质形成和矿化过程，影响胶原纤维和牙本质基质的合成，促进成釉细胞对蛋白质的合成和釉质基质蛋白降解。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。