出故障的

The causes of shield tunnel defections could be divided into six branches: the segment dislocations, lining material deterioration and seepage. etc. Fault trees are also founded to illustrate each branch. 23 quantitative elements from the fault trees are selected to serve as the diagnosis indexes, all of which could be applied in engineering practice. By using the AHP method, a 3-level diagnosis index system is established. Afterwards, the procedure of setting up the quantitative judging criteria is given, as well as the relative index weight of index layer, by using the improved Analytic Hierarchy Process-multiplication scale method. At last, the values of corresponding parameters of membership functions are set, with the Cauchy distribution model.

将盾构隧道常见病害成因分为管片错位、衬砌材质劣化以及渗漏水等6个子系，对每个子系构建了病害故障树；从工程应用角度出发，从故障树中选取了23个可定量化因素作为评价指标，通过层次分析法建立了三层病害评价指标体系；对体系中单一评价指标的定量化分级方法进行简述，并给出所有指标的建议分级标准，采用改进的层次分析法－乘积标度法确定了各评判指标之间的相对权重；确定了基于Cauchy分布模型的隶属函数的关键参数。

Direct current is rejected: When the electricity owes and presses the trouble in the city, it will be too automatic to supply power disconnectedly at all that the direct current of connecting with end of direct current is rejected, direct current rejects and can provide the signal while discharging, if discharge to the terminal voltage, will change over to and prepare against the electricity to run in system, while closing to stopping discharging the voltage, the system will provide the signal of warning.

直流屏：在市电欠压或故障时，与直流端相联的直流屏就会自动毫无间断地供电，直流屏放电时会给出信号，如果放电至极限电压，系统就会转入备电运行，在接近终止放电电压时，系统将给出警示信号。

This approach is a combination of signal analysis and mathematical model .By the denoising function of wavelet and the learning itself function of neural network , the input and output nonlinear dynamic characteristic of system is obtained . The output prediction error, generated from the real output and wavelet neural networks estimated output, is used as a residual error to execute logical judge. and this approach can improve the speed and accuracy rate of fault detection.

它是一种把信号分析和数学模型相结合的故障检测方法，通过小波对信号的去噪和神经网络的自学习功能，来获取系统输入输出的非线性动力学特性，进而实时计算出残差并进行逻辑判决，可提高故障检测的速度和准确率。

Empirical Bayes estimates of steady-state availability in exponential distribution model;2. Using vector Markov process theory and Laplace transform method,we obtain the Laplace transform of the reliability,the mean time to first failure,the steady-state availability and the steady-state failure frequency and so.

利用向量Markov过程理论和Laplace变换的方法，求出了系统可靠度的Laplace变换，系统首次故障前平均时间的表达式，系统的稳态可用度和稳态故障频度等可靠性指标；此外，还通过数值比较考察了系统参数对系统稳态可用度的影响，并对系统进行了效益分析。

Aiming at the two main disadvantages of the MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm) method, longer computing time and the adverse effect of issuable false peaks to the fault detection, the corresponding solution methods is proposed.

针对MUSIC(Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm)算法用于故障诊断的两大缺点：运算量大和可能产生的虚假波峰对故障特征的混淆带来的不利影响，给出了相应的解决方法。

The actualities and research development of the fault diagnosis expert system in China and other countries is introduced, together with the research work and practical significance of project.

首先，阐述了船舶故障诊断的定义和基本方法，介绍了目前国内外故障诊断专家系统的现状和发展趋势，并给出了本课题的研究内容和实际意义。

Furthermore, the fault detection and disposal methods for OD racing, sliding, rolling with sliding and sideslipping errors are analyzed briefly.Secondly, this paper dissects the influences of the drifts of gyros and the initial error of azimuth angle on the positioning precision of SINS/OD system.

但在实际应用中，车轮在空转、滑行、连滚带滑和侧滑等情况下，里程仪将出现测量故障，影响系统的定位精度，针对这些情况，本文在理论分析的基础上给出了相应的故障判断和处理方法。

The equipment can not only measure the dimension of wheel, but also check out the complex wheel face analysis, such as scrape, diagnosis of fault.

该装置不仅能够迅速检测出轮对外形尺寸，而且能够解决目前最为困扰的检测踏面状况的问题，即能够精确拟合出踏面擦伤和剥离，及时诊断出轮对故障。

In this theme, it is resolved the problem that how to monitor the running status of the semiautomatic grab unloaders The system can discover and forecast the failure in time, avoid the magnitude accidents and enormous economic loss, what is more, we can dig out the hidden troubles from the running status of the equipments and cut down the failure stop time caused by human being.

文章解决了对半自动桥式抓斗卸船机运行状况的监测问题，可以及时发现、预告故障，避免重大事故的发生和巨大的经济损失，而且可以根据卸船机的运行状态找出生产系统中的事故隐患，消除事故隐患，减少由于人为和技术因素引起的故障停机时间。

By means of analyzing the variation of operation parameters of Shanxi power grid such as voltage and frequency, the possible affects of fault trip of 1000kV transmission line on Shanxi power grid are summarized; and according to concrete situation of 1000kV transmission line, some corresponding control measures are put forward.

研究了1 000 kV线路故障跳闸后山西电网的运行情况，通过对山西电网的电压、频率等电气量变化情况的分析，总结出1 000 kV线路故障跳闸对山西电网可能造成的影响，并结合1 000 kV线路的具体情况，提出了有针对性的控制措施。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。