凹函数

In reality, the unit cost decreases as the amount transported increases, resulting in a concave cost function.

在实务上，货物运送的单位成本常随数量的增加而递减，成本函数曲线为凹形。

It was shown that when the manufacturer considers retailer effort in establishing a quantity discount policy and it pre-commits its wholesale prices to a set of heterogeneous retailers, an optimum solution can be determined under concave profit function conditions.

结果表明，当制造商考虑零售商的努力，想建立一个数量折扣政策，和预先承诺一组不同零售商的批发价格时，在具凹性的利润函数条件下，能产生一个最佳的解决方案。

It can be used for solving multi-objective problems with a concave ob-iective and cost function s and a convex feasible region, The program of the algorithm is writ-ten in ANSIC language and has been successfully run on IBM P/IAT-286 and 386 machines.

系统地讨论了非线性多目标最优化算法─—广义ZW法，它是Zionts－wallenius法的改进和推广，使得ZW方法能够有效地解决具有凹目标与价值函数，以及凸可行域的非线性多目标最优化问题。

This study examines the effects of allocative distortions on returns to density and input demand in domestic airlines during 1989-1997 by using a non-minimum cost function from the cost efficiency point of view. We generalize a globally concave and flexible cost function by using the symmetric generalized McFadden cost function to accommodate allocative distortions for domestic airlines, and estimating the density economies with and without allocative distortions as well as its effect on cost efficiency.

故本研究透过成本效率的观点，使用符合全面凹性更具弹性之对称性一般化影子成本函数来检视国内各航空公司民国78-86年期间之分配扭曲对密度报酬、投入要素需求量（劳动、燃油、固定要素及其他）及成本的影响，以了解各航空公司无效率之所在。

On the other hand,Raymond considered systemsgoverned by linear elliptic and parabolic differential equations with the integrand in costfunctional has to be concave in the state variable.

在那里，指标泛函中的被积函数关于状态变量必须是凹的。因而，那里所给的条件和Cesari条件是互不包含的。

The indicator element (2) is designed as a waveguide panel, wherein light beams propagate with total reflection and get outcoupled therefrom with a diffractive outcoupling system (2u), such as a grating structure or the like, which is configured as an indicator pattern, for producing an indicator pattern (2a) activable in the indicator element (2) by the action of light, such that divergent recesses and/or grooves of various sizes and/or shapes constitute divergent local gratings of various sizes and/or shapes, such as multi-shaped and/or binary pixels and/or units, the filling factor, shape, profile and/or size thereof being optimized in such a way that the diffraction efficiency is a function of place.

把指示元件(2)设计成波导板，其中光束以全反射方式传播并且从那里通过构造成指示图案的衍射外耦合系统(2u)、如光栅结构等得到外耦合，用于在指示元件(2)中产生可由光作用激活的指示图案(2a)，使得各种尺寸和/或形状的分散的凹口和/或槽纹构成各种尺寸和/或形状的发散的局部光栅、诸如多形状的和/或二元像素和/或单像素的，所述局部光栅的填充系数、形状、轮廓和/或尺寸可以以这样的方式优化，使得衍射效率是位置的函数。

The function emulates the human "foveal" vision and can be used for fast scale and rotation-invariant template matching, for object tracking etc.

此函数模仿人类视网膜中央凹视力，并且对于目标跟踪等可用于快速尺度和旋转变换不变模板匹配。

Then, using the interval arithmetic tool, construction methods of several quasi convex-concave extension are presented for general functions which are provided with arithmetic expression.

其次，对由算术表达式给定的一般函数，利用区间算术工具给出了几种拟凸-凹扩张的构造方法。

Firstly, a new quasi convex-concave extension definition is introduced to study general constrained optimization problem, which is much approximate function's shape than the interval extension.

首先，对一般约束优化问题，引入一新的概念，即拟凸-凹扩张，它比区间扩张能更好地逼近函数的形状。

The second, according to mapping function of blank and product sections, and to many interpolating functions along model-cavity vertical surface, paper has built mathematics model, fluid surface function of special-shaped product plastic deformation and velocity field, gotten basis theory for metal forming prediction, for example empty drawing metal pipe thickness homogeneity and special-shaped product fluid regular, die parameter optimization and integration research of die CAD/CAM.

根据拔制坯料和制品截面映射函数和模腔纵向多种插值函数（直线型、凸型、凹型和三次多项式型），建立了相似异型材、圆形坯料——异型材和异型材——异型材三维金属拔制塑性成形的数学模型和异型材塑性成形的流面方程及流动场方程，为预报金属成形规律（如：空拔管壁均化、异型材流动规律），模腔参数优化及其CAD／CAM一体化研究提供了理论基础。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。