减数

Under imitated daily field microclimatic conditions for heat stress, the rice cultivar "Jinyou63"(which is a hybrid rice combination) was treated with a consecutive 3-day heat stress during meiosis in phytotron. Anther and pollen tissues at different development stages after subjected to heat stress were sampled and analyzed for transverse abnormalities.

本研究模拟田间典型灾害天气条件，在人工气候箱内对杂交水稻&金优63&花粉母细胞减数分裂期进行连续3 d的热害胁迫处理，对处理后不同发育时期的花药组织取样切片观察，从组织、细胞水平探讨水稻受高温胁迫后花药可能出现的早期异常特征。

The haploid plant produces gametes mitotically and is thus termed the gametophytes while the diploid plant produces spores meiotically and is called the sporophyte.

单倍体植物有丝分裂产生配子体，二倍体减数分裂产生孢子体。

In the offsprings of the aneuploids (P3) with 41~44 chromosomes, there are four types of plants with 29~32 chromosomes. Except the plant with 29 chromosomes, others which appeared abnormal meiosis behavior and poor pollen fertility are mixoploid.

在染色体数为44与41的两种超倍体（P3群体）后代，鉴定出具有29~32条染色体的4种非整倍体，除染色体数为29的植株外，其余均为混倍体，它们的减数分裂异常，花粉育性低。

In mixoploid plants, somatic cells with 2n=25~29 were most frequent except for a few haploid cells (2n=19) and chromosome doubling cells (2n=50~60). Abnormal chromosome behaviors were observed in pollen mother cells from mixoploid BI-1 and haploid, including chromosome bridges, laggard chromosomes, meiotic cycle asynchrony and unequal separation of chromosomes.

对混倍体植株BI-1和单倍体植株的花粉母细胞(Pollen mother cells，PMCs)减数分裂染色体行为观察发现，高频率出现染色体落后、染色体桥、染色体分裂周期不同步、不均等分离等异常染色体行为。

The formation of nuclear membrane, there nucleoli, after cytoplasmic division, the completion of meiosis.

形成核膜，出现核仁，经过细胞质分裂，完成减数分裂过程。

Confocal laser scanning microscopy used to localize the hsp70 protein in oocytes and embryos revealed that the distribution of hsp70 in the ooplasm of immature and mature oocytes is unaffected by exposure to decreased or elevated temperatures and that this protein was closely associated with the meiotic spindle indicating its possible role in stabilizing this structure, hi eight-cell embryos derived under control conditions, hsp70 was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm but appeared as aggregates in some embryos exposed to elevated temperature.

此蛋白均匀地分布在两种细胞的胞浆中。此形态特点与减数分裂期纺缍体有关，由此表明hsp70在中期Ⅱ期，具有稳定这种结构的作用。在对照组8细胞胚中，hsp70均匀地分布在胞浆中，而在处理组一些胚胎内，hsp70则发生凝集。

The results showed that the rates of mature oocyte were 75.2％, 73.1％, 69.8％, 63.5％and oocyte at telophase of MI were 16.3％, 15.9％, 16.9％, 27.0％, respectively. The rates of maturation of oocytes cultured in TCM199 with serum, EGF and TGFαwere significantly higher than that of with BSA team (P＜0.05) and the number of oocyte stayed at telophase of MI in TCM199 with serum, EGF and TGFαteam were significantly less than that with BSA team(P＜0.05); Significant higher rates (66.6％, 66.6％, 73.6％) of normalα-tubulin distribution in oocytes cultured in TCM199+ serum, EGF and TGFαwere compared to that of TCM199+BSA(43.3％)(P＜0.05). The rates of oocyte with cortical granules in cortex were 58.8％, 33.9％, 54.7％and 47.9％respectively, there was significant difference between oocytes cultured with serum, EGF and BSA(P＜0.05). In conclusion, TGFαand EGF can promote the oocyte nuclear transition from telophaseⅠto metaphase of meiosisⅡ, and improved the expression and distribution ofα-tubulin during the ovine oocytes maturation; EGF and serum could promote oocyte cytoplasm maturation. The results suggested that EGF and TGFαmight substitute some substance in serum to improve the quality of oocyte nucleus maturation in vitro, but EGF might be more functional than TGFαto promote the maturation of ovine oocyte ooplasm.

三、EGF和TGFα对卵母细胞成熟的影响未成熟卵母细胞分别在TCM199基础培养液+血清、TCM199基础培养液+BSA+EGF、TCM199基础培养液+BSA+TGFα和TCM199基础培养液+BSA四组成熟培养系统中成熟培养，22小时后上述各组卵母细胞的核成熟率分别为75.2％、73.1％、69.8％、63.5％，处于第一次减数分裂末期的比率分别为16.3％、15.9％、16.9％、27.0％，在添加血清、EGF、TGFα各组中核成熟率显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05)，处于末期的比例明显低于其它各组(P＜0.05)：添加血清、EGF、TGFα各组在a-Tubulin蛋白的分布与表达上(66.6％、66.6％、73.6％)明显高于BSA组的正常率43.3％(P＜0.05)；各组CG发生迁移较好的卵母细胞的比率分别为58.8％、33.9％、54.7％、47.9％，血清组和添加EGF组CG迁移至皮质区的比例明显高于仅添加BSA处理组(P＜0.05)。

In order to obtain viable tetraploids, which remains a major challenge worldwide, research on spindle organization and chromosome behavior was carried out mainly in zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, a typical commercially important species which is being cultured in North China Sea. Immunofluorescent technique and laser scanning confocal microscopy has been developed for observation of both microtubule organization and chromosome segregation. Orcein squash method was also used for chromosome observation. A series of complicated configurations of the meiotic spindle and associated patterns of chromosome segregation, including tripolar and seperated bipolar segregation, were found in developing eggs following the inhibition of the first polar body.

为了攻克可存活四倍体人工培育技术的国际性研究难题，本研究选取了我国北方海区的典型经济贝类栉孔扇贝为主要研究对象，建立了一套免疫荧光染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微技术，结合使用染色体地衣红压片观察技术，对第一极体受抑制的受精卵的减数分裂纺锤体装配、染色体分离动态进行了研究，发现了一系列特殊的纺锤体装配及相应的染色体分离行为，包括三极分离、独立二极分离等分离类型，从亚细胞水平上阐明了四倍体形成的细胞学机理。

To eplore the relationship between Dynein and the formation of meiosis error of oocytes, the immature mouse oocytes were in vitro cultured with a known dynein ATPase activity inhibitor- sodium orthovanadate to detect the changes of maturation rate, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR and single cell RT-PCR were performed to detect the alteration of the cyclin B1 mRNA level.

为探讨Dynein与卵母细胞减数分裂错误形成的关系，采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养成熟技术和半定量RT-PCR方法，分别检测Dynein抑制剂-原钒酸钠对卵母细胞成熟率和cyclin B1基因转录水平的影响。

A23187 and OA could parthenogenetically activate Urechis unicinctus oocytes and activate MAPK, indicating that the effect of fertilization on GVBD and activation of MAPK was mediated by rising in intracellular free calcium, and phosphorylation of some proteins was enough to activate the oocytes.

钙离子载体A23187和OA可以孤雌活化单环刺螠卵母细胞并激活MAPK。说明：①受精是通过钙离子的内流来激活卵母细胞并使MAPK活化的。②某些蛋白质的磷酸化状态对减数分裂是必要而且在一定程度上是充分的。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。