减少

Two kinds of irrigation strategies, including irrigation up to field capacity and fixed amount based on soil texture, were employed with bubbler irrigation system.

结果表明，传统灌溉方式下，优化氮素处理保证了番茄产量，与传统氮肥处理相比，追施的氮肥数量减少了48%；在番茄的主要生育时期内，采用每次灌溉至田间持水量及固定灌额处理的灌溉量分别比传统灌溉处理减少46%和30%；采用同样指标所推荐的氮肥追施数量也分别减少14%和10%，明显减少土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素的表观损失，减轻了由于过量施氮而对环境造成的影响。

Content of Chla,β-carotene and zeaxanthin of S. platensis grown in Se decreased, violaxathin, fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin and peridinin increased, Chla and Chlb of D. salina also decreased, but carotene increased, all pigments of D. zhanjiangensis increased except violaxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin decreased. Effect of Ge on pigments of microalgaes were different in different algaes: Chla,β-carotene and zeaxanthin of S. platensis decreased, three other carotene increased, in D. salina, violaxanthin and lutein decreased, violaxathin, fucoxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin increased, all pigments of D. zhanjiangensis increased except fucoxanthin and peridinin decreased; Chla,β-carotene and violaxanthin of Chlorella sp increased, but fucoxanthin and peridinin decreased.

暴露于硒中的钝顶螺旋藻（S.platensis）的叶绿素A、β-胡萝卜素和玉米黄素的含量都减少，岩藻黄素、19'-乙酰氧化岩藻黄素、多甲藻素和紫黄素的含量明显增加，盐生杜氏藻的叶绿素类也减少，但类胡萝卜素的含量则增加，湛江叉鞭金藻（D.zhanjiangensis）中除紫黄素和19'-乙酰氧化岩藻黄素有减少外，其它色素都增加；锗对四种微藻光合色素的影响也不尽相同，钝顶螺旋藻（S.platensis）的叶绿素A、β-胡萝卜素及玉米黄素含量减少，岩藻黄素、19'-乙酰氧化岩藻黄素和紫黄素的含量增加，盐生杜氏藻中除紫黄素和叶黄素有增加外，其它色素都减少，湛江又鞭金藻（D.zhanjiangensis）正相反，除岩藻黄素和多甲藻素有减少外，其它色素都增加，小球藻的叶绿素A、β-胡萝卜素和紫黄素增加较大，但岩藻黄素和多甲藻素则减少。

We also have observed some organs pathological changes of juvenile Jian Carp, such as pancreas acinous gland and zymogen granules of acinous gland cell disappearing, intercellular substance hyperplasia and inflammatory cells soakage, hepatatrophia, liver cell granular or vacuolar degeneration and necrosis, karyolysis or pyknosis, glycogen granules decreasing, metanephros atrophy, metanephric canaliculus epithelium granular or vacuolar degeneration and necrosis, mitochondrion swelling and mitochondrion cristae disappearing, karyolysis, distal convolutal tubule microvilli desquamating, spleen marrow cell degeneration and necrosis, intercellular substance of spleen hyperplasia, spleen atresia, blood corpuscle disappearing.

后肾土黄色、淡褐色或苍白色，肾小管上皮细胞肿胀、颗粒或水泡变性、坏死，细胞内有大量血细胞流出，线粒体肿胀，嵴结构消失，细胞核溶解，肾间质甲状腺滤泡和拟淋巴细胞增生，远曲小管微绒毛脱落、管道细胞界限不清。心脏肌纤维肿胀、颗粒或空泡变性，严重的肌纤维溶解、变细或断裂，肌纤维间水肿、炎性细胞浸润，部分心肌细胞核浓缩。脾脏暗褐色，脾髓质细胞变性、坏死，拟淋巴细胞明显减少，淋巴细胞岛少见、岛中细胞成份减少，黑素巨噬细胞中心减少、体积缩小，脾脏网状基质水肿，脾窦闭锁，血细胞减少。

Using organic fertilizers to replace 20～30% chemical fertilizers could reduce more than 30% TN loss in rainfall runoff, seeding-period and field-baking-period drainage, and could decrease 19.43～25.91% leaching loss of TN. In wheat field, using organic fertilizers to reduce 20% chemical fertilizers, in which refined organic fertilizers could reduce 2.59kg/ha leaching loss coefficient of TN, zymolytic pig ordure could increase 2.22kg/ha leaching loss coefficient of TN.

水稻田在增施有机肥而减少20～30％化肥用量的情况下，包括降雨径流、播期和烤田排水的TN流失量可以减少30％以上，TN渗漏淋失可以减少19.43～25.91％；麦田在增施有机肥而减少20％化肥用量的情况下，施用精制有机肥可以减少TN淋失2.59kg／ha，施用发酵的猪粪则增加TN淋失2.22kg／ha；蔬菜轮作试验表明，相同施肥量下，适当使用精制有机肥可以减少TN淋失12.80kg／ha。

Results Wenshen Kechuan Tablets could significantly prolong the cough latent period and cough times within 3 min and increase phenol red secretion from trachea in cough model induced by ammonia water. Wenshen Kechuan Tablets could significantly prolong the asthma latent period and relieve spasm in guinea pigs with histamine-acetylcholine-induced asthma, prolong spasm latent period and reduce shock attack and lung overfall volume in guinea pigs with ovalbumin-induced asthma.

结果 温肾咳喘片可显著延长氨水致咳小鼠的引咳潜伏期、减少3 min内的咳嗽次数，增加小鼠气管段酚红排泌量，明显延长组胺－乙酰胆碱致敏豚鼠的引喘潜伏期、减少抽搐动物数，延长卵白蛋白致喘豚鼠抽搐潜伏期和减少跌倒休克豚鼠数，减少卵白蛋白致敏麻醉大鼠的肺溢流量。

Decreasing the parts' surface roughness, as it is shown after a long time practice that can realize the reliability and stabilization of the match; can reduce faction coefficient, wear, stress concentration, vibration, noises, and power consumption; can improve the operative precision and perceptivity; can increase the support area and contact intensity; and also can improve wear degree etc.

长期的生产实践表明，降低零件的表面粗糙度，对保证配合的可靠性和稳定性；对减少摩擦系数，降低动力消耗；对提高机械和仪器的工作精度和灵敏度；对增大支撑面积，减少磨损，提高接触刚度；对减少应力集中，增加耐疲劳强度，减少振动和噪声等均起着重要的作用：即表面粗糙度直接影响着机械和仪器的使用性能和使用寿命。

The heavy oil combustion activator mainly used in heating stove of steel rolled, industrial stove, power plant stove, glass furnace ,metal furnace ,ceramic roller kiln and channel kiln .It can accelerate combustion , prevent over-burning, reduce the harmful gas emission. Its energy-saving reaches to 5-8%. Diesel oil combustion activator mainly used in the diesel oil engine which can strengthen atomization ,improve ignition conditions, adjust the value of cetane,restrict intense or knocking vibrations, reduce the fuel de-compound and black smoke emission, prevent over-burning, carbonization and reduce the machine's friction. Its fuel-saving reaches to 3-5%. High efficiency gasoline combustion activator mainly used in gasoline engine, which can improve the gasoline octane rating ,restrain extensive or knocking vibrations, reduce fuel de-compound , prevent over burning , carbonization, reducing machine's friction and toxic gas or black smoke emission, Its fuel saving reaches to 3-5%.

该产品分为重油、柴油和汽油燃烧催化剂三大类，重油燃烧催化剂主要用于轧钢加热炉，工业锅炉，发电厂锅炉，玻璃熔窑，金属熔炼炉，陶瓷辊道窑，隧道窑中，能够促进燃烧，防止结焦，节能达5-8%，减少有害气体的排放；柴油燃烧催化剂主要用于柴油发动机中，起到增强雾化、改善着火条件，调整十六烷值，抑制隆震爆震，降低燃料分解，防止结焦积碳的作用，同时减少机器磨损，节约燃料3-5%，减少黑烟及有害气体的排放；高效汽油燃烧催化剂用于汽油发动机中，能提高汽油辛烷值，平抑隆震爆震，降低燃料分解，防止结焦积碳，减少机器磨损，节约燃料3-5%，减少有害气体及黑烟的排放。

Kg(p.01).stamina index,healthy index,appetite index,sleep index,sleep time,the total count of sex arousing people and the degree concerning about the health of oneself were all reduced gradually(p.01).the counts of ailing people and using medicine people were higher in 1～3 weeks.later,the counts were reduced wavily and touched bottom in the 6th week and the 10th week respectively.the count of ailing people was reduced more obviously(p.01～0.001).the trend of disease variety among persons was that the proportion of respiratory system disease was reduced and alimentary system disease was increased gradually,the proportion of skin disease was higher at the 7th week and locomotor system disease was higher at the 8th week,the proportion of diarrhea was reduced and constipation was increased gradually.conclusion working on the reef for 3 months,the physical health status and the degree concerning about health of self of the personnel was reduced gradually.the count of ailing people and using medicine people were reduced wavily.

kg(p.01)。体能指数、健康指数、食欲指数及睡眠指数逐渐降低，睡眠时间逐渐减少，性唤起总人数比例逐渐降低，对自身健康的关心程度也逐渐降低(p.01)。患病及用药人次数以上礁后的前3周较多，此后呈波浪式逐渐减少，第6周和第10周分别降至低谷，减少幅度尤以患病人次数明显(p.01)。疾病变化趋势为呼吸系统疾病所占比例逐渐降低，消化系统疾病所占比例逐渐增加，皮肤疾病和运动系统疾病分别于第7，8周时较多；腹泻比例逐渐减少，便秘比例则逐渐增多。结论在礁3个月期间，作业人员身体状况和对自身健康的关心程度逐渐降低，患病和用药人次数呈波浪式逐渐减少。南海群礁；身体健康；患病；动态变化；医疗卫生保障

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

"Working with mice, we found that glucose levels were elevated and there was glucose production from a 'precursor', a source not normally metabolised."Other results in the study show that to some extent ARNT is regulated by insulin, so that insulin resistance in itself will contribute to a decrease in ARNT. If liver cells are treated with insulin, there will be a small increase in ARNT protein. The insulin will also help move the ARNT into the nucleus of the cell, where it does its job as a master regulator.

胰岛素绝对或相对不足时，肝脏内一种称之为 ARNT 的转录因子减少达90%，而 ARNT 与控制肝脏生产和释放葡萄糖的基因表达有关， ARNT 减少，肝脏生产和释放葡萄糖增加。2型糖尿病时，胰岛素相对不足不仅使肝脏内 ARNT 减少，也导致胰岛β细胞内 ARNT 减少，使得胰岛素生成减少和释放延迟。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。