冷却的

A wide front fascia with a large, forward-facing grille opening, a splitter along the bottom and wheel opening extensions along the sides to provide aerodynamic downforce A cold air scoop in front of the hood that integrates an air inlet system for the engine The trailing edge of the front wheel opening is radiused to achieve improved drag, but protects the body finish with a tough molding, and a large air extractor is located behind the wheel A fixed-roof bodystyle optimizes body rigidity and mass Wider rear fenders with flares cover the massive rear tires and a brake cooling scoop in front of the wheels visually balances the fender extractor A tall rear spoiler houses the CHMSL on the top of the rear fascia 10-spoke wheels (18-inch, front; 19-inch, rear) Four larger stainless steel exhaust outlets New-design Chevrolet Corvette Z06 badging on the carbon fiber front fenders

宽阔的前仪表的大，面向前方格栅启用，底部和侧面的轮开放扩展拆分为空气下压力的一个寒冷的空气罩前面铲，整合为一个航空发动机进气道系统的尾部前轮的边缘radiused开放，实现改善阻力，但保护的强硬成型身体结束，和一个大型空气提取的背后是车轮固定屋顶bodystyle优化车身刚性和群众更广泛的耀斑位于后翼子板覆盖大规模的后方轮胎和刹车冷却的车轮前面铲视觉平衡挡泥板提取一个高大的后扰流器房子的后方筋膜十名高位刹车灯，以车轮（18英寸，前，19英寸，后）四较大的不锈钢排气口新设计的雪佛兰克尔维特Z06的碳纤维前挡泥板徽章

Thermal comfort and indoor air quality requirements are presented; the contents cover the following topics:(1) Concept of air-conditioning,(2) Thermal principle,(3) Psychrometry and wetted-surface heat transfer,(4) Heating and cooling-load calculations,(5) Air-conditioning systems,(6) Fan and duct system,(7) Pumps and piping,(8) Cooling and dehumidifying coils,(9) Air-conditioning controls,(10) Absorption refrigeration,(11) Heat pump,(12) Cooling towers and evaporative condensers.

课程大纲本课程将介绍空调工程与系统设计，藉由湿空气线图讨论空气调节之过程，分析人体舒适与空气品质之需求，及各种空调设备系统之设计，内容涵盖如下：(1)空调的概念(2)热原理(3)湿空气与湿表面热传(4)加热与冷却负荷估算(5)空调系统(6)风扇与风管系统(7)泵与管路配置(8)冷却与除湿盘管(9)空调自动控制(10)吸收式冷冻系统(11)热泵(12)冷却水塔与蒸发式冷却。

This paper hereby introduces the cooling process of the common 160,000 m^3-in-capacity atmospheric LNG storage tank in China, the preconditions and matters to which attention is paid upon the cooling of tank. It also discusses some commissioning techniques needed in the cooling process, including pressure control, cooling medium supply and its flow control, process monitoring and cooling rate control, etc. The paper points out that the displacement of pipelines is easily to be overlarge and flange leakage takes place frequently in the cooling process and it gives corresponding solutions.

为此，详细介绍了国内LNG接收站常用16×10^4 立方分尺常压LNG储罐的冷却过程，分析了LNG储罐冷却前应具备的条件及注意事项，讨论了LNG储罐冷却过程中的压力控制、冷却介质供应及流量控制、冷却过程的监控及冷却速率控制等调试技术，指出了冷却过程容易出现管线位移过大、法兰泄漏等问题，并给出了相应解决方法。

The method of CFD numerical simulation is employed to replace experimental investigation. Hence, STAR-CD of the commercial software is used to simulate the outer flow field and heat transfer performance of integrated heat sink with heat pipes cooled by airflow. It is found that simulated results agree with experimental results well, which indicates that simulation method is reasonable and reliable. Further, simulated computations for different fin thickness, fin pitches and air velocities are performed to analyze their effects on heat transfer performance of heat sink. Finally, a new optimized structure of integrated heat sink with heat pipes is provided to meet future demands for cooling CPU and its heat transfer is also evaluated. For multi-heat source and higher dissipation power of electronic devices, the integrated heat sink with heat pipes attatched fins stagged in different positions of channels is presented and its flow and temperature fields are also simulated to enhance heat transfer. As a conclusion, all mentioned above are useful for the design of heat sink with excellent efficiency of heat dissipation and further research.

应用商业软件Star-CD对CPU集成热管散热器的外部流场和传热特性进行了数值模拟，将数值模拟结果和试验结果对比，验证了所提出的数值计算方法是可靠和可行的；利用此数值模拟方法对CPU集成热管散热器在不同散热翅片间距、厚度和气流速度下散热器的流动与传热性能进行了数值计算，分析了这些参数的变化对散热器传热性能的影响；针对未来CPU冷却的要求，确定了与最优气体流速匹配的最佳翅片间距、厚度的CPU集成热管散热器的新结构；利用试验评测了根据数值模拟提供的新结构开发出的新CPU集成热管散热器的传热性能；最后在场协同强化传热的理论的基础上，对CPU集成热管散热器的散热翅片错位排列来强化散热器的散热，满足未来大功率、多热源的电子元件的散热，为今后进一步优化散热器提供了依据。

The results indicate that the cooling rate of melt droplet that can not break further depends not only on its diameter, but also on its position in atomizing chamber. As a result, the same sized particles in different positions show different cooling rates and two different kinds of microstructures. The cooling rates of melt droplets range from 104 to 108 K/s, and the critical cooling rate for glass formation of Al-Ni-Y is about 105 K/s. Moreover, the corresponding maximum diameter of amorphous particles is 25 μm, which accords well to the theoretical analysis results. The new approach, reflecting the complexity of close-coupled gas atomization objectively, is available and effective to evaluate the cooling behaviors of close-coupled gas atomization.

结果表明：在一定的工艺条件下，紧耦合气雾化存在多种破碎模式，熔滴的冷却速率因直径、雾化位置的差异，相同直径熔滴经历结晶和非晶化2种不同冷却行为；依据Al基合金粉末的粒度分布和微观结构，结合熔体的雾化过程及冷却模式，确定熔滴冷却速率的上、下限；实验得出熔滴的冷却速率为104~108 K/s，Al-Ni-Y合金的非晶化临界冷却速率为105 K/s，能形成非晶态的熔滴最大直径为25 μm左右，实验结果与理论分析结果较吻合，比较客观地反映紧耦合气雾化的复杂过程。

Given the same total flow effusion from holes, the results show that the heat shield gets a higher average cooling effectiveness when the opening ratio is 3% compared with 6%; cooling effectiveness is sensitive to the height of ripple board, the heat shield gets the highest cooling effectiveness when the dimensionless height of ripple board is 1% compared with 2% and 3.33%; but there is a little influence on the cooling effectiveness of the liner with the change of the diameter of holes and the height of cooling passage.

研究表明：在气膜孔出流总量相同的情况下，3%开孔率比6%开孔率的隔热屏平均冷却效率较高；波纹板高度对隔热屏冷却效果影响较大，波纹板无量纲高度为1%比波纹板无量纲高度为2%和3.33%的隔热屏平均冷却效率高；孔径和冷却通道高度的改变对隔热屏冷却效果几乎没有影响。

In some conventional fan revolution speed control methods, variable control of the number of revolutions of a cooling fan is performed by a process comprising steps of detecting an actual temperature of cooling target fluid, ie fluid to be cooled by the cooling fan, such as hydraulic oil and circulating radiator cooling water for cooling an engine (such cooling water is hereinafter referred to as coolant), determining a target fan revolution speed by a system of a proportional integral control unit based on the difference between the actual temperature detected and a target temperature, and changing the fan revolution speed based on the target fan revolution speed so as to bring the actual temperature of the cooling target fluid down to the target temperature.

在一些传统风扇转速控制方法，控制变量的数目革命的一个冷却风扇，是由一个过程组成的步骤检测到一个实际温度冷却目标流体，即流体被冷却，由冷却风扇，如液压石油和散热器循环冷却水用于冷却发动机（如冷却水是以下简称为制冷剂），确定一个目标风扇转速由一个系统的比例积分控制单元基础上的差异，实际温度检测和目标温度，并改变风扇转速的基础上，针对风扇转速，使实际温度的冷却液指标下降到目标温度。

In the area of high technology of China, the developing technology of cryogenic thermodynamic process and heat transfer has resulted in the Shenzhou-V man-carrying space ship, Fengyun-III meteorological satellite and magnetic suspension train. Manufacturing of fuel (liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen) of a cryogenic rocket, the cryocooler used to cool down infrared sensors, cryogenic-condensation vacuum pump used in manufacturing of semiconductors, super-conduct quantum interferometer and liquefied natural gas technology are all outcomes of the studies on cryogenic thermodynamic process and heat transfer. In these areas, there are many unexploited sub-areas. Therefore, cryogenic thermodynamic process and heat transfer is a developing study area, and is await more jobs by the younger generation.

在高科技领域，我国空间探索用&神州五号&载人飞船的成功发射、&风云三号&气象卫星的可靠运转以及磁悬浮列车技术等都与低温热力过程与传热技术的研究进展密切相关的，低温火箭发动机液氢液氧燃料的生产、红外传感器冷却的低温制冷机、半导体制造业用的低温冷凝真空泵、超导量子干涉仪与液化天然气的储运等技术都是低温热力过程与传热技术研究发展的产物，且有很多新技术有待于开发，是一个与时俱进、不断开拓的领域，有待于有志者去开发。

The thermal boundary condition of the cast iron cooling stave with surface alloyed steel pipe was used for numerical simulation of temperature field and commercial software ANSYS and the method of coupling heat-structure were used to calculate thermal deformation of steel pipe at high temperature,and analyze the influence of air gap and thermal deformation on the life of cooling stave.The optimal size of air gap and hot load to guarantee long life of cast iron cooling stave were obtained.

根据合金化管铸铁冷却壁热态试验数据确定了合金化管铸铁冷却壁温度场数值模拟的边界条件，利用ANSYS软件、采用热-结构耦合的方法计算了高温状态下合金化管铸铁冷却壁内钢质冷却水管的变形，分析了气隙层和水管热变形对合金化管铸铁冷却壁寿命的影响，得出保证合金化管铸铁冷却壁长寿的最佳气隙层厚度和相应的最佳使用热负荷。

The thermal boundary condition of the cast iron cooling stave with surface alloyed steel pipe was used for numerical simulation of temperature field and commercial software ANSYS and the method of coupling heat-structure were used to calculate thermal deformation of steel pipe at high temperature,and analyze the influence of air gap and thermal deformation on the life of cooling stave.

根据合金化管铸铁冷却壁热态试验数据确定了合金化管铸铁冷却壁温度场数值模拟的边界条件，利用ANSYS软件、采用热-结构耦合的方法计算了高温状态下合金化管铸铁冷却壁内钢质冷却水管的变形，分析了气隙层和水管热变形对合金化管铸铁冷却壁寿命的影响，得出保证合金化管铸铁冷却壁长寿的最佳气隙层厚度和相应的最佳使用热负荷。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。