决定论

Many critics draw an intellectual link between sociobiology and biological determinism, the belief that most human differences can be traced to specific genes rather than differences in culture or social environments.

许多批评者认为社会生物学和生物决定论之间存在理性的联系。生物决定论认为，大多数人类的差异可以追溯到具体的基因，而不是追溯到文化差异或社会环境差异。

The theory on human nature in modern times can be categorized into three kinds , and one of them is to explain human nature starting from biology and whereby appeared Humanity of Lorentz "intrinsic attack theory", Skinner "acts of conditions and so on; another one aims to explain human nature from the spirit and psychology , and whereupon Humanity of Freud's " psychoanalysis theory", Sartre's "humanity on antitheism" appears; the last one aims to explain human nature from both society and culture, and whereupon bring about Lucy.Benedict's "cultural determinism" Erich Fromm's "social determinism, and so on.

综观现代人性理论，可以分为三类，一类是从生物学出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如洛伦兹的&内在攻击论&的人性论、斯金纳&行为条件论&的人性论，等等；另一类是从精神和心理学出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如弗洛伊德的&精神分析论&的人性论、萨特的&无神存在论&的人性论，等等；再一类是从社会和文化出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如露丝·本尼迪克特的&文化决定论&的人性论、埃利希·弗洛姆的&社会决定论&的人性论，等等。

Quantum mechanics breaks though the mechanical determinism in classical science, transforming it into nonmechanical determinism; it changes scientific cognitive process from the theory of reductionism to the theory of wholism; it shifts the way of thinking from pursuing simplicity to exploring the complexity; it also establishes the interaction between subject and object in scientific researches.

量子力学突破了经典科学的机械决定论，使之转化为非机械决定论；使得科学认识方法由还原论转化为整体论；使得科学思维方式由追求简单性到探索复杂性；确立了科学活动中主客体互动关系。

Taking a view of Yan'An literature deciding by political for a example: the view of Yan'An literature decided by political is result by defects of two view between "literature is reflection of political" and "pure literature". Although it includes some positive features, it's ruddily and judgment feature in theory result in a new ideology.

以延安文学&政治决定论&的形成为例：延安文学&政治决定论&的形成是中国现代文学研究中的&政治反映论&和&纯文学&积弊的结果，其出现的合理性在于其对&政治反映论&的批判性，但其理论基础和研究格局的偏狭，以及对延安文学作品超越价值的压抑，使其成为延安文学研究中新的意识形态。

In addition, deterministic calculations were carried out using (1) arithmetic mean values of untransformed hydraulic parameters,(2) arithmetic mean values obtained after backtransformation of Gaussian distributed parameters, and (3)alternatively using a set of mean bimodal retention and conductivity curves. Predictions obtained with the two stochastic methods and the deterministic cases are compared with measured cumulative outflow and moisture content profiles from fifteen 1 m long undisturbed soil columns collected along the same transect.

此外，决定论计算被实行使用改变与水有关的参数的(1)算术平均价值观，在 backtransformation 以后为得到高斯的(2)算术平均价值观的散布参数和(3)另一种选择使用一套卑鄙双峰的保留和传导性弯曲。，用二有可能的方法和决定论情况为得到的预言被把和仔细斟酌累积的流出比较和从十五1 m 长不受干扰土壤柱，沿着把同样的 transect。

Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

它绝不尊重昔日历史的特殊性，而是将所有的历史事件，无论是过去的还是现在的，均囊括到一个唯独仅有的决定论模式中，而这一决定论模式则被假定为在所有的时候以及在所有的情形中均正确无误。

Horf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

orf开始相信一种语言决定论。在它的最强大的形式状态之下，语言决定论主张语言禁锢了思想，并且一个语言的语法模式会对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

He could have such influence because: first, there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement; second, it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism; third, the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view, was mainly the l7th-l8th century historicism, especially the dogmatic, vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory; last but not the least, Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way, the more easily understandable and acceptable way, in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关－用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17-18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

He could have such influence because:first,there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement;second,it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism;third,the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view,was mainly the 17th-18th century historicism,especially the dogmatic,vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory;last but not the least,Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way,the more easily understandable and acceptable way,in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17—18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

The advocates of economic determinism, Althusser and Ellen Wood, abandoned the metaphor as well as the historical materialism.

因为没有理解历史唯物主义本质，没有处理好历史本质层面和具体事实层面的关系，阿尔都塞混淆了多元决定论和最终决定论；艾伦伍德则走向将经济基础－上层建筑统一在包罗万象的&社会存在&中。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。