冲击波

Ordinarily, we try to break the stones up with shock waves.

通常，我们会用冲击波震碎结石

Powerful shock wave will break down the primary crystal and the growing dendrite, making them particle crystal. With the stirring of acoustic streaming, particle crystal is dispersed in melt, as is equal to increase the number of external nucleus.

强烈的冲击波会击碎初生晶体，使之成为破碎的晶核，在声流的搅拌作用下，又使其弥散地分布于熔池中，相当于增加了外来核心，因而使晶粒得到细化。

Explain how this cold blast happened and why it's stuck around for so long.

解释这场寒流是怎样冲击波式的发生，并且它坚持围绕在周围如此的长。

Compressed air is used to drive a metal projectile cylinder within the handpiece toward the applicator.

压缩的空气驱动机头部位的金属发射器圆筒，撞击贴敷部分产生冲击波。

The death radius by blast fireballs is smaller than that by blast wave, the 2nd burn radius is smaller than the 50% eardrum rupture radius, and the 1st burn radius is smaller than the 1% eardrum rupture radius, if the amount of gas fuel which contributes to vapour cloud explosions is less than 1×10〓kg propane.

10药量小于1×10〓kg丙烷时，蒸气云爆炸火球热辐射致死半径小于冲击波作用下头部撞击致死半径；二度烧伤半径小于50％耳鼓膜破裂半径；一度烧伤半径小于1％耳鼓膜破裂半径；1％耳鼓膜破裂半径小于建筑物破坏得不能居住半径。

Based on the standard blast-wave model, we study some aspects of afterglows, including the jet effect, reverse-shock radiation, early afterglows of short bursts, and neutrino emissions in afterglows, etc.

基于标准的冲击波模型，本论文就余辉的各个方面进行了研究，包括喷流效应、反向激波辐射、短暴早期余辉和余辉中的中微子辐射。

The plasma ignition threshold of metal is got through experimental and numerical study. The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air .

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值210倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q－YAG激光器（波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns），靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随著波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

A new space hypothesis of petroleum origin is offered in the article on the basis of the analysis of pre-sent hypotheses of petroleum origin,nature of distribution of bitumens and oils in Earth crust,history of a climate of the Earth and astrophysical data about widespread occurrence of hydrocarbons in the Universe,one of the possible scenari-ous of repeated hydrocarbons entry to the Earth is indicated.

该假说认为，围绕着银河系旋转的太阳系，在穿过星际尘云时与微球体发生碰撞，在太阳射线紫外光和冲击波的作用下，含有大量水分子、高分子化合物以无定形碳形式出现的星际尘云，被分解为各种接近于石油组分的烃类，并以石油雨的形式沉落在地球上。

The Guide also tells you on which planets the best Pan Galactic Gargle Blasters are mixed, how much you can expect to pay for one and what voluntary organizations exist to help you rehabilitate afterwards.

指南还告诉你哪个行星上的&泛银河爽口冲击波&最棒，多少钱可以求得一杯，还包括有什么志愿组织可以帮你解酒。

The Guide also tells you on which planets the best Pan Galactic Gargle Blasters are mixed, how much you can expect to pay for one and what voluntary organizations exist to help you rehabilitate afterwards.

指南还告诉你哪个行星上调制的泛银河爽口冲击波最棒，多少钱可以搞到一杯，包括有什么志愿组织可以帮你解酒。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。