冰期

During the glacial maximum, Mu Us Desert extended southeasterly to the loess plateau, but when the last climatic optimum occured, the desert retreated more than 5 latitudes northwards.

末次冰期极盛时，毛乌素沙漠的分布范围扩大，向东南一直延伸到黄土高原地区，全新世气候适宜期时，沙漠缩小，相对于末次盛冰期而言，在空间上向北退缩了5个纬度左右。

The changes of the solar radiation play a guiding role on the evolution of interglaciation and glaciation throughout the subpolar convergence zone in north hemisphere.

太阳辐射的变化，通过北半球副极地辐合带，对冰期、间冰期演化起到了引导作用。

Using this varve dating results, we calibrate the other dating methods (radiocarbon dating and U-series dating) which were carried out in Lake Sugan. It was found that in the Little Ice Age with clastic varve type, radiocarbon dating has 2630 years radiocarbon reservoir effect, while beyond the LIA, the radiocarbon reservoir changed as the time passed.

通过已经得到验证的年纹层年龄-深度序列，对苏干湖其它测年手段~(14C测年和铀系测年进行验证，发现在碎屑类纹层沉积阶段即小冰期阶段，水生植物残体的~(14)C测年存在2630年碳库效应，小冰期以外时段碳库效应责随时间变化。

The analysis of proxy indices of winter and summer monsoon indicated that East Asia Monsoon is characterized by periodical evolution and vibratility during Late Cenozoic.

四、根据对冬、夏季风气候代用指标的时间序列分析表明，晚新生代东亚古季风具有阶段性演化和在冰期—间冰期尺度上的波动特征。

It is distributed only in Yuanbaoshan mountain in northern Guangxi. Abies yuanbaoshanensis having survived the Quaternary Period Ice-age is significant not only to studying the occurrence and evolution of the Chinese ancient south plant flora but also to the ancient climate and geography.

元宝山冷杉是第四纪冰期幸存下来的濒危物种，在广西的发现，对于研究我国南方古代植物区系的发生和演变，以及古气候、古地理有重要意义，特别是对第四纪冰期气候的探讨有学术价值，它是研究气候变化和植物变迁的依据，是活化石。

This is not surprising, given the closer proximity of Pengyang to the Asian inland dust sources; The average content of calcium carbonateis of Pengyang section is not only higher than that of central loess plateau, but also higher the west of Chinese Loess Plateau, which reflected Pengyang loess had been deposited by near Liupanshan\'s substances that contained more calcium carbonateis; The content of diffluent element of 10m depth in the section increased fast, which indicated that the modern eluviation and the leaching depth of loess may be stronger than our guess; The soil growth index can reflect the intensity of soil forming and the climatic changes; The "abrupt chang" of glacial and interglacial period was caused by strong soil-forming processes that enlarged the discrepancy of granularity between loess and paleosol. However, the magnetic susceptibility nearly cannot reflect the existence of S_8 and the magnetic susceptibility of S_7 is highest in the whole section, which is inconsistent with other studies that S_5 has the highest magnetic susceptibility.Thin-section examination shows that the micro-texture of the soil layers is divided into both cementing texture in S_7, S_5 and S_1, and granular texture in all others.

与其它剖面相比，彭阳剖面粒度总体上要比东部的洛川、西安，甚至西部的兰州、新疆东湾要粗；CaCO_3平均含量不仅高于黄土高原中部，也高于高原西部，反映出本剖面富含碳酸盐的六盘山近源沉积起到了很重要的作用；易溶元素含量在剖面10m处快速升高，淀积特征明显，反映出黄土受现代淋溶成土作用影响较大，黄土直立、疏松、多孔特性和高温与多雨组合的气候特点，使得元素淋溶、淀积的强度和深度超出了传统的认识和判断；烧失量与其它指标相比，不仅能区分冰期、间冰期；而且能够区分出次一级的冰阶、间冰阶，有较高的分辨率；土壤发育指数、红度能够反映土壤强度差异，是反映气候波动的较好指标；然而，磁化率不能反映古土壤S_8的存在，且S_7的磁化率在全剖面中最高，这与大多剖面S_5磁化率最高的特点不一致。4。

At last. on the basis of comprehensive studies of the glacial, lake, periglacial phenomena .palaeosols and paleontology in the research areas. the late stadial of the Last Glaciation can be divided into three periods: the early phase, 25000-20000a. B. P.. with the cold and wet climatic conditions; the middle phase, the full of last glacial maximum. 20000-16000a. B. P., with the cold and dry climatic conditions; and the late phase, 16000 10000a. B.P., with the warm and dry climatic conditions besides the Younger Dryas event.

最后，根据对研究区的冰川、湖泊、冰缘现象、古土壤和古生物等在末次盛冰期中的发育、演化状况的综合分析，把末次盛冰期大致划分为三个阶段：早期，25000-20000a.B.P。，气候条件主要表现为冷湿；中期，20000-16000a.B.P。，气候条件主要表现为冷干；晚期16000-10000a.B.P，气候条件主要表现为温干，但Younger Dryas事件也有反映。

However, this does not disprove that short changes in intensity or direction of the Kuroshio ever occurred at certain short cooling events. The 10Be minimum during the Younger Dryas event may indicate that the Kuroshio had been once greatly weakened or even terminated in the Okinawa Trough area which could be related to the response of the Pacific Ocean to the Younger Dryas. The 10Be and 9Be in surface sediment show totally different distribution patterns. The 10Be distribution is dominated by the input from Kuroshio and its branch, the Yellow Sea Current, whereas 9Be is mainly influenced by terrestrial input of suspended materials from the Yellow River discharge and deposited in the fine-grain size sediment zone southwest of the island of Jeju. Both 10Be and 9Be distribution patterns are different from anthropogenic pollutants such as heavy metal Pb which is dominantly distributed closely to the coastal areas.

冰期时冲绳海槽北部10Be的沉积通量远远高于太平洋大洋海区，充分反映了黑潮的传送带作用和边缘海的聚焦沉积作用，并表明末次冰期时在千年尺度上黑潮仍流经冲绳海槽，且强度并未减弱。10Be的通量在新仙女木时降到整个岩芯所跨时期的最低点，甚至低于10Be的现代大气平均生产率，因此推测在新仙女木事件时，黑潮的变动特别大，有可能改向或断流。

Also, the study provides spatial and temporal information on the distribution patterns and compositional characteristics of modern and fossil benthic foraminiferal fauna, and their relation to the environmental variables.

发现冲绳海槽中南部冰期-冰消期的底层水流通状况较冰后期弱，说明冰期时西北太平洋中深层水的演化没有对该海区底层水团的性质产生影响。

According to the uplift rate of 0.133-0.4 cm/a, the old moraine was formed in 610±50 ka, the glacial rock surface was formed in 140±9 ka and the roche moutonnee was formed in 18.6±0.2 ka.

由于终碛垄是冰盛期结束时遗留下来的，而冰川擦痕面是冰期结束过程中暴露出来的，因此不同冰川地貌面反映的冰期中的冰川事件是不同的。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。