冰

Two main aspects of the research work are as follows:(1) The paper introduces the experimental ice forces on semi-circular breakwaters which is made by State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering of Dalian University of Technology and calculate the ice value for different radius semi-circular component, based on which it speculates on that horizontal ice value and water level accord with biquadratic polynomial function, meanwhile, the paper analyses incidence of ice heap to horizontal ice value of semi-circular component.

论文的主要工作有三部分：(1)主要介绍大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室所做的物理模拟试验，应用水平冰力计算公式计算了不同半径半圆型构件的冰力值；根据这些数值的分析，推测半圆型构件水平冰力与水位符合四次多项式函数关系；同时分析了碎冰堆对半圆型构件水平冰力影响。

This article introduced the general situation of the domestic and international ice jam research and the necessity of the water level research firstly.

文章首先介绍了国内外冰情研究的概况以及进行冰塞水位研究的必要性，接着，详细论述了冰盖的形成条件及形成过程，冰塞的形成机理及冰塞在空间发展的一般规律，由冰塞所引起的水位变化过程，影响冰塞水位的河势因素、热力因素、水流动力因素及人为因素等。

This article introduced the general situation of the domestic and international ice jam research and the necessity of the water level research firstly. In succession, discussed the formation condition and the formation process of the ice cover in detail, the ice jam formation mechanism and the general regulation of development in the space, the water level variety process that caused by ice jam, factors that influence the ice jam water level: the river power factor, the thermodynamic energy factor, the water current dynamical factor and artificial factor etc..

文章首先介绍了国内外冰情研究的概况以及进行冰塞水位研究的必要性，接着，详细论述了冰盖的形成条件及形成过程，冰塞的形成机理及冰塞在空间发展的一般规律，由冰塞所引起的水位变化过程，影响冰塞水位的河势因素、热力因素、水流动力因素及人为因素等。

Basing on the ice jam flood of Heilongjiang River and disaster in history records,the ice jam flood situ- ation,hydrological and river way characteristic are proposed in this paper,the cause of ice jam flood and develop- ment of forecasting are analyzed,the ice jam flood disaster and protect methods are introduced.

根据历年冰坝凌汛及灾害调查资料和观测成果，综述了黑龙江上游历年冰坝凌汛发生情况，冰坝河段水文气象特征和河道特性，分析了冰坝成因研究和预报方法的进展，并阐述了冰坝凌汛灾害和防治措施。

AIRSS calls for reducing the ice multiplier values by one if the concentration of ice exceeds 0.6 and 30% of that ice is ridged (Transport Canada 1998), indicating the occurrence of ice pressure.

如果冰的浓度超过了0.6，30%的冰形成冰脊（加拿大运输部，1998），这意味着冰压力的出现时，AIRSS要求把冰的乘数值减少一。

We briefly introduced ice radar and its technical development firstly and then mainly reviewed the progress of ice radar in investigating and researching Antarctic ice sheet thickness and subglacial topography, internal reflecting horizons, subglacial lakes and water systems, subglacial bedrock roughness and crystal orientation fabrics.

首先，简要介绍了冰雷达及其技术发展，然后着重评述了冰雷达在探测研究南极冰盖厚度和冰下地形、内部反射层、冰下湖和冰下水系、冰床粗糙度以及冰晶组构上的进展。

For dynamic ice making system is more efficient than static ice making system during the ice formation process and the ice generated is flowable, it gradually become the hot spot.

动态制冰系统因其在制冰过程中的高热力学效率，制得冰晶的可流动性等方面都优于传统的静态制冰，这种制冰方式现已成为国内外冰蓄冷技术的研究重点。

By that time, not only will ocean levels rise, but volcanoes here, currently covered by the glacier, will be unstoppered, provoking large-scale eruptions that will swallow up the entire island.

瓦特纳冰原的冰量相当於三千亿吨的水，如果冰原完全消失的话，海平面将上升0.86公分。冰岛前三大冰原为瓦特纳、朗格、霍夫斯冰原，国土面积有百分之十一为冰川所覆盖。

In this paper,the discussion is emphasized on the following process flowsheets in Chinese nickel metallurgy,such as the current smelting of low nickel matte with electric furnace and flash furnace concerting of high nickel matte with concterer separation of nickel from copper in grinding and flotation process anode electrolyting of nickel sulphide;two stage counter current ...

本文重点论述了我国镍冶金现有的电炉、闪速炉熔炼低冰镍－转炉吹炼高冰镍－铜镍磨浮分离－硫化镍阳极电解；高冰镍两段逆流硫酸选择性浸出－黑镍沉钴－电积；二次镍精矿制粒－沸腾焙烧生产氧化镍等工艺流程。同时，介绍了我国自行研究开发的高冰镍氯化精炼；焙烧－氨浸－氢还原；镍精矿微波脱硫－热等离子体熔炼高冰镍；大洋多金属结核常压氨浸和硫酸选择性浸出回收镍等有价金属的新工艺新技术。

Pedal movements of icing and follow the great link and drive the little link, had to lower hip, the orders of having an effect of the knee, ankle joint; Supporting in the initial stage push-off and adopts the weight and pedals this kind of passive form of ice and pedals the ice only, The ones that are supporting on later stage and adopting by a large margin only are pedaling icing the speed that the way improves the centroid voluntarily, It is typical outburst type movements that this kind pedals technological movement of ice.

蹬冰动作遵循大环节带动小环节、由上至下髋、膝、踝关节的发力顺序；在单支撑蹬冰的初期采用体重蹬冰这种蹬冰方式，在单支撑后期采用采用大幅度快速蹬伸的蹬冰方式来提高质心的速度，这种蹬冰技术动作是典型的爆发式动作。

So that more consumers can enjoy more delicious quality, technology is even better than wine.

让更多的消费者可以品尝到品质更为鲜美，工艺更为精湛的葡萄酒。

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