内质

Results: electronic microscope showed that in prednisone group heterochromatin increased in some cells, entoblast was not obvious in some cells, fat drops were small and few, mitochondria vacuole were common, and myelin figure was found in smooth endoplamic reticulum. the ultrastructure in yc group was almost normal and megamitochondrion formation was common. a large amount of fat drops were found in cytoplasm in gw group and little improvement was found compared with that in prednisone group.

结果： 电镜结果显示：激素组个别细胞异染色质增多，核仁不明显，脂滴显著变小变少，线粒体空泡化常见，有滑面内质网髓鞘样结构形成；养阴组电镜结构基本正常，其特征是细胞内有较多的巨大线粒体形成；桂附组较激素组改善不明显，其特征是胞质内可见大量脂滴。

Modification of plasmodesmata occurred at leptotene stage, at which the cell wall was degraded by the release of the enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles after its fusing with the plasma membrane .

前者形成于细线期末，造成细胞壁降解的物质来自内质网分离到细胞质中的内质网小泡；后者形成于偶线期以后，造成细胞壁降解的物质来自于内质网与细胞质膜融合后内容物的释放。

Typical rough endoplasmic reticulum were not seen during the process of spermatogenesis, only vesicular RER appeared and smooth endoplasmic reticulum only presented at spermatogonium stage.

精子发生的全过程中，未见典型的粗面内质网，仅见泡状粗面内质网；滑面内质网只在精原细胞期出现。

The females incubated at 33 , their ovarium has powerful cortex, the germinal epithlium produce oocyte, its medulla degenerate into ovarian cavity. During sexual differentiation, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cells of ovary increase in quantity, they disintegrate after sexual differentiation. There are a lot of big grana in cells of ovary before sexual differentiation, in the course of sexual differentiation the quantity of the big grana decrease, while small grana increase and peakafter sexual differentiation. The males incubation at 26 , cortices of their testes degenerate into a thin albuginea. Medulla are formed by testicular cords in which scatter spermatogonium.

33℃下孵化的小龟卵巢皮质发达，由原始生殖细胞产生卵原细胞，髓质退化成为卵巢腔，分化时卵巢细胞的超微结构显示线粒体和内质网的数量大大增加，它们在分化结束后解体，分化前细胞内有较多的大颗粒，在分化中大颗粒减少，小颗粒增多，在分化后小颗粒达到最多。26℃下孵化的小龟精巢皮质退化成为一层薄的白膜，髓质有许多睾丸管构成，管腔内有散落排列的精原细胞。

As noted above,membrane-stabilizers unexpectedly improved the heart function andprevented ER stress both in vivo and in cultured cells.We know that the membranestability depends on the sodium homeostasis in fact.To investigate whether ER stress isassociated with sodium channel action,which determins the membrane stability,wepretreated H9c2(2-1) cells with veratridine,a sodium channel activator.

上面的研究发现膜稳定剂在体内体外均抑制了内质网应激，并改善了心脏功能，而膜稳定作用实际上是维持细胞钠离子稳态的结果，为了研究内质网应激反应与钠离子活动的关系，我们用一种钠通道激活剂藜芦定刺激H9c2(2-1)细胞，30分钟时GRP78表达增加；24小时时PERK磷酸化和CHOP蛋白表达显著增加，说明钠离子通道过度激活诱发了内质网应激反应。

Endoplasmic reticula in enlarged C-tapetal cells were aggregated in stacks at first, and then produced numerous ER-vesicles. As inclusions in the vesicles increased, the cytoplasm in these cells decreased until it was replaced by starch grains and lipid droplets.

膨胀的C-绒毡层细胞中，内质网先发生聚集，之后断裂并产生大量内质网小泡；随着内质网小泡内容物增浓，细胞质逐渐变稀；最后，细胞内容物几乎全部变成多糖颗粒和以脂类物质为主的滴状物。

Firstly, the acute cytotoxicity of profenofos on FG-9307 cells was studied, it was found that the cell growth rate was markedly reduced by profenofos at all the concentrations tested; and that the fine structures of the cells were also altered by profenofos, as evidenced by dilation of nuclear membranes and mitochondria cristae, and presence of enlarged lysosomes with engulfed organelles and numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

丙溴磷对FG-9307的急性细胞毒性研究结果发现：1）在所有实验浓度下，细胞的生长速度均受到抑制。2）细胞的超微结构被丙溴磷所改变，最明显的特征则是线粒体损伤严重，嵴肿胀，部分溶解破裂；核膜肿胀，有溶解；细胞内的电子密度高的溶酶体增多；内质网的膜溶解，核糖体从粗面内质网上脱落下来，游离于胞质中。

The injured gill cells had a different ultrastructure, with endoplasmic reticulum dilated and vesiculated, mitochondrial cristaes partially disintegrated, gill fibre cuticles denatured and dropped. The ultrastructural damages to hepatopancreatic cells were characterized by the decrease of microvilli, swelling and breaking up of mitochondria, expansion of endoplasmic reticulum, disruption and vacuolization of nucleus, tumefaction of nuclear membrane and increase of lipid droplets. As for the toxicological changes of myocardial cells, the mitochondria were swelling, having a lot of vacuolus and disintegrating, while the myofibrils were irregular with endoplasmic reticulum dissolved.

鳃细胞的损害表现为鳃丝水肿，细胞器溶解，角质层变薄，线粒体、内质网的肿胀、解体；肝胰脏细胞的主要损害特征为肝管微绒毛减少，线粒体水肿解体，内质网扩张，细胞核空泡化，核膜水肿和脂肪滴增加；心脏细胞的毒理变化为线粒体内嵴肿胀、瓦解，肌原纤维不规则，内质网溶解。

RESULTS: In the verapamil group, the fibroblast were round or oval, and there were tiny cell process, less alpha substance, atrophic and decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum in kytoplasm and abundant vesica. In control group, there were fusiform or polygon fibroblast, and much matrix among cells, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome in cytoplasm and less vesica were found.

结果：维拉帕米组神经瘢痕成纤维细胞呈球形或椭圆形，细胞突起细小，胞间网状物质少，胞浆中粗面内质网萎缩且数量减少，囊泡丰富；对照组成纤维细胞呈梭形或多角形，细胞间基质较多，细胞浆内粗面内质网及核糖体丰富，囊泡少见。

The cell in acidic situation presented a degenerative chang-ment,such as an increased lipid drop and empty cavity in the cell plasma,a py-knotic nuclei,the dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules,mi-tochondrial swelling the number of ribose decrease,and the ribose dissociated inthe plasma,a lot of swallowing cavity,the fibric material decreased accompany-ing with the acid being stronger.

随培养基pH逐渐下降，上述过程因受酸性阻抑而延缓，细胞增殖速度也受影响，处于酸性环境中的软骨细胞呈退行性变化，表现为细胞浆内脂质颗粒与小泡增多、细胞核皱缩、核仁浓染、内质网线粒体膨胀、核糖体数目减少，且与粗面内质网结合的少，游离在胞浆中的多。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。