内质

However, excessive or aberrant ER stress results in cell injury or death.

过度的内质网应激将导致细胞损害和死亡。

The heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach and intestines of one agonal Cistoclemmys flavomarginatas were examined under transmission electron microscope.The results showed that a kind of short-stick bacteria were detected in heart,liver,spleen and kidney.

利用电子显微镜，对一只濒死黄缘盒龟的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃和肠道进行了检查，在心、肝、脾、肾均发现一种短杆状细菌感染，受染器官均出现明显的病理变化，如线粒体、高尔基体和内质网均肿大变形。

We got the result: Bufo Raddei Strauch Tadpole (1) Bufo Raddei Strauch Tadpole was capable of lens regeneration, which originated from the epithelial cells at iris dorsal margin by dipigmentation.(2) Dipigmentation of Bufo Raddei Strauch by two methods: one was licked up by amoebocyte, the other one was flowed from the pigment cells.(3) In the lens regeneration cells of Bufo Raddei Strauch profiles of the mitochondria became complicated ribosome manifold, and the endoplasmic reticulum was cisternal dilation. During the process of deferentiation of lens fiber the cell nucleolus became little and chromatin shrinked.(4)The crystalline electrophoresis of Bufo Raddei Strauch Tadpole lens regeneration showed that during lens regeneration P-crystalline was expressed earliest then was γ-crystalline and α-crystallin, this result is consistent with newt.

结果表明：花背蟾蜍蝌蚪(1)具有晶状体再生的能力，其晶状体的再生来源于虹膜背缘的上皮细胞；(2)虹膜背缘去色素是转分化的前提，主要有两种方式：一种也是最主要的方式是在晶状体被摘除后虹膜外侧产生巨噬细胞，巨噬细胞吞噬虹膜色素上皮细胞中的色素颗粒；另一种方式是虹膜色素上皮细胞自身释放色素颗粒；(3)电镜观察发现虹膜色素上皮细胞转分化过程中线粒体有明显变化，核糖体增多，粗面内质网增多，晶状体纤维分化过程中细胞核逐渐凝聚；(4)SDS-PAGE电泳发现，花背蟾蜍蝌蚪晶状体再生中相关蛋白表达顺序与有尾类蝾螈相似，蛋白表达顺序依次是β-晶状体蛋白、γ-晶状体蛋白和α-晶状体蛋白，并且后两种蛋白几乎同时表达。

Fifth: BSSXJN can raise the contents of red cell endoplasmic reticulum of AA rats bone marrow to strengthen the cell's antidotal function recover the strueture of nuclear membrance and prolecl normal melabolism.

补髓生血胶囊可提高AA小鼠骨髓红细胞中内质网的含量，从而加强细胞解毒功能，恢复核膜结构，对DNA的正常代谢起到保护作用。

However, levels of caspase-12 and Bip/GRP78, both markers of endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis, did not differ between the groups.

细胞凋亡蛋白酶12和Bip/GRP78的水平在两组之间是没有区别的，它们都是内质网介导的细胞凋亡的标志物。

AIM: To understand whether endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in DNA-damaging agent/carcinogen induced cell responses.

目的：研究内质网应激在DNA损伤剂／致癌物诱发的细胞应答反应中的作用。

Results: in contrast with model group, SSM can (1) increase the survival rate of ARF in rats, cut down Scr and BUN at 24hr, improve renal function, slightly surpass Vp in its therapeutic effect;(2) mitigate the extent of renal pathologicchanges, decrease the numbers of renal tubule necroses and casts;(3) protect renal ultrastructure such as microvilli, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum of TEC, podocytic process of glomerulus epithelial cell,endothelial cell etc, better than Vp;(4) enhance SOD activity, lower MDA contents in renal cortex;(5) enhance NO contents in serum, reduce ET levels in plasma;(6) evidently cut down TNF- a contents in serum, superior to Vp;(7) antagonize calcium overload in TEC;(8) alleviate renal pathological changes in ARF metaphase (at 3d), advance regeneration and recovery of TEC, restore renal structure in ARF convalescence (at 5d), and better than Vp;(9) increase the expression of TEC PCNA and prepro EGFmRNA in ARF metaphase.

结果：与模型组相比，SSM能(1)提高ARF大鼠的存活率，降低24hr时Scr及BUN，改善肾功能，其疗效略优于维拉帕米；(2)减轻ARF肾脏病变程度，减少24hr肾小管坏死数及管腔内管型数；(3)对肾脏的超微结构如肾小管上皮细胞微绒毛、线粒体、内质网、肾小球上皮细胞足突、内皮细胞等形态结构均有一定的保护作用，其疗效略优于维拉帕米；(4)提高肾皮质SOD活性，降低MDA含量；(5)提高血清NO水平，同时降低血浆ET含量；(6)显著降低血清TNF-α的水平，疗效明显优于维拉帕米；(7)拮抗小管上皮细胞[Ca~(2+)]_i的升高；(8)使ARF中期(第3d时)肾组织病变较同期其它两组明显减轻，并使肾小管细胞再生修复提前，至ARF恢复期(第5d时)肾组织结构恢复重建良好；作用明显优于维拉帕米；(9)促进ARF中期肾小管上皮细胞PCNA的表达及EGF前体mRNA的合成，从而增加EGF的合成释放，而维拉帕米无此作用。

With the assistance of the chaperons such as calnexin、calreticulin and tapasin,the molecular heavy chain andβ2 micro globulin of the major histocompatibility complexare assembled together to form the steady complex which is further transported to the surface of the APC through the Golgi body.

在calnexin、calreticulin、tapasin等分子伴侣的协助下，内质网腔内的主要相容性复合体(major histocompatibilitycomplex，MHC)Ⅰ类分子重链、β2微球蛋白以及相应多肽片段聚集成较为稳定的复合物，经高尔基体被进一步转运到APC表面；MHCⅠ类分子与抗原肽的有效结合是特异性细胞免疫应答的重要的环节。

Transport signal in a soluble cargo protein (for example, a secreted protein that passes through the lumen) is a region that binds to the lumenal domain of a transmembrane cargo receptor, which in turn has an cytoplasmic domain that binds an adaptor protein. Interaction between the cargo and the coat

我们已经有了几种类型的信号的细节：要求一种构像用于蛋白质通过胞吞作用成为细胞内的一部分；一种氨基酸序列使得蛋白质到达内质网；和一种修饰使得蛋白质到达溶酶体（小的膜体，在那里蛋白质降解，见后面）。

SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell.

cell。光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。