内视镜

In applications of capsule endoscope, it is imperative to consider battery life and performance trade-offs.

在胶囊内视镜的应用上，考虑内视镜中电池功率消耗和影像品质的权衡是件非常重要的事。

Important issues about pediatric rhinosinusitis were also addressed in our studies. First, we tried to compare the results obtained by endoscopic middle meatal culture and maxillary sinus punctures in children with rhinosinusitis. Our data demonstrated that, when performed in pediatric patients (especially in children with younger age), the correlation between endoscopic middle meatal culture and maxillary sinus puncture was not as favorable as in the case of adult patients.

我们的研究也探讨了几项儿童鼻及鼻窦炎的重要课题，首先，我们比较鼻及鼻窦炎病童上颌窦穿刺与内视镜中鼻道培养的报告，结果显示，在儿童鼻及鼻窦炎的培养上，内视镜中鼻道采样与上颌窦穿刺的培养结果一致性没有在成人运用时理想，特别是在年纪小的病童。

All 5 patients of benign polyp were found to have excellent effect after Nd-YAG laser therapy, and so for, there was no recurrence. Two (esophageal cancer 1 and rectal cancer 1) of 19 patients of G-I cancer had excellent results with tumor size reduced over 90% and endoscope could pass through the stenotic area smoothly after Nd-YAG laser treatment. Six (esophageal cancer 2, gastric cancer 4) of them had good results with tumor size reduced 50-90% and patient could take semiliquid food after laser management. Eight patients (esophageal cancer 2, gastric cancer 4, rectal cancer 2) had fair effects with tumor size reduced less than 50%, but the oral intake or stool passage was improved. Three patients (15.8%) refused further endoscopy and laser management because of poor tolerance.

这5例良性息肉经雷射治疗后，肿瘤完全消失且目前无后发现象。19位恶性癌中，经Nd-YAG雷射治疗后，效果极佳（肿瘤大小减少90%以上，内视镜可通过肿瘤狭窄处）者2例（食道癌及直肠癌各1；效果佳（肿瘤大小减少50~90%，且病人可进食半流体食物）者6例（食道癌2，胃癌4）；效果尚可（肿瘤大小减少50%以下，但饮食进步或排便较过去进步）者8例（食道癌2，胃癌4，直肠癌2；3例患者(15.8%)因不能忍受内视镜及雷射治疗之痛苦，拒绝进一步的治疗而失败。

A meta-analysis showed that the combination of vasoconstrictor and endoscopic therapy is superior to endoscopic therapy alone for controlling AEVH.

综合分析显示，在急性食道静脉瘤出血的治疗，使用血管收缩剂合并内视镜的疗法比单独使用内视镜疗法优越。

Conventional esophago gastro duodenoscopy can disclose a lesion only when it presents as a protuberant mass, an ulceration or when there is significant discoloration. When an early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or dysplasia, frequently lacking such changes, is confronted, conventional endoscopy usually fails to detect it.

传统消化道内视镜只能发现有突出肿块、溃疡或明显黏膜颜色改变的进行性食道癌病徵，对於无上述变化与症状的早期食道鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma， SCC)则不容易以传统内视镜的检查方法诊断。

Among the sampling methods used to investigate the pathogens responsible for rhinosinusitis, maxillary sinus puncture is considered to be the gold standard. Although endoscopic middle meatal culture seems to correlate well with the results obtained by maxillary sinus puncture, the reliability of documentation of bacteria by endoscopic culture in children with rhinosinusitis is still unknown. Finally, because studies on current bacterial resistance patterns in pediatric patients are limited, we employed maxillary sinus puncture to obtain sinus secretions for bacterial culture and analysis of antibiotic resistance in children with chronic rhinosinusitis.

关於鼻窦的培养方法，一般而言上颌窦穿刺为公认获得鼻窦细菌培养的准则，虽然证据显示在成人使用内视镜中鼻道培养的结果与上颌窦穿刺所获得的培养结果相关性很高，不过目前儿童使用内视镜中鼻道培养的可信度依然不明，因此我们的研究也比较鼻及鼻窦炎病童上颌窦穿刺与内视镜中鼻道培养的结果，以厘清在儿童使用内视镜中鼻道采样培养鼻窦致病菌的可信度。

Maxillary sinus puncture was performed on these patients both for sampling of sinus contents and irrigation of the diseased sinuses. Aspirate contents of the sinuses were collected for aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. 3 A prospective study of pediatric patients with community-acquired rhinosinusitis was conducted. Bacterial culture was performed on the specimens obtained from maxillary sinus by puncture and middle meatus by endoscopic sampling. The correlation and diagnostic usefulness of endoscopic middle meatal culture versus maxillary sinus puncture were determined.

我们搜集鼻咽癌放射线治疗后患有急性上颔窦炎的病人，以上颔窦穿刺搜集这些病患的鼻窦分泌物并冲洗其患病的鼻窦，收集到的鼻窦分泌物则送往实验室做细菌培养。3 我们执行前瞻性研究，收集患有社区感染鼻及鼻窦炎的儿童，这些病童会同时接受内视镜中鼻道培养与上颌窦穿刺培养，为了厘清儿童使用内视镜中鼻道培养的可信度，我们计算内视镜中鼻道培养与上颌窦穿刺培养结果的关联性与诊断测试。

Jensen's group randomized 32 high-risk patients with severe ulcer hemorrhage and nonbleeding adherent clots resistant to target irrigation to medical therapy or to combination endoscopic therapy, which included epinephrine injection, shaving down the clot with cold guillotining, and bipolar coagulation on the underlying stigmata.

受试者包括32名严重溃疡出血的患者，目标灌洗对溃疡面上的无出血粘著血凝块无效，他们的再出血危险率很高。Jensen小组将这些患者进行了随机分组，其中一组接受药物治疗，另一组联合内视镜治疗。联合内视镜治疗包括注射肾上腺素，用冷切刀削去血凝块，以及将双极凝结剂涂抹于潜在出血处。

Jensen's group randomized 32 high-risk patients with severe ulcer hemorrhage and nonbleeding adherent clots resistant to target irrigation to medical therapy or to combination endoscopic therapy, which included epinephrine injection, shaving down the clot with cold guillotining, and bipolar coagulation on the underlying stigmata.

受试者包括32名严重溃疡出血的患者，目标灌洗对溃疡面上的无出血粘著血凝块无效，他们的再出血危险率很高。Jensen小组将这些患者进行了随机分组，其中一组接受药物治疗，另一组联合内视镜治疗。联合内视镜治疗包括注射肾上腺素，用冷切刀削去血凝块，以及将双极凝结剂涂抹於潜在出血处。

Methods The operation was performed through a posteromedian skin incision with the aid of an endoscope coupled with a television and video unit.

将内视镜置于脊柱后正中切口内，在内视镜放大影像和直视相结合下操作。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。