内耳

T was later transiently expressed in pharyngeal arches, and in pectoral fin buds. IGFBP-3 mRNA is predominantly and persistently expressed in the developing otic vesicle. IGFBP-3 is also expressed in optic stalk, retina, pineal gland, tegmentum in midbrain, anterior pituitary and midline floor of hypothalamus.

GFBP-3 mRNA 持续而强烈地表达在发育中的内耳，它也表达在眼睛的视杆和部分视网膜细胞，松果腺以及脑垂体前部、中脑脑盖和下丘脑的基底中央等脑组织。

Methods Structures of cerebellopontine angle and IAM in 25 temporal bone specimens (50 sides) fixed in formalin were measured.

用25具甲醛固定的成人尸颅(男15具，女10具)，对桥小脑角和内耳道的神经、血管进行解剖学测量。

Objective To study the quantitative changes in the exposure of the middle fossa and the superior clivus via a retrosigmoid suprameatal approach.

目的 量化研究在乙状窦后入路基础上磨除内耳道上区骨性结构前后显露颅中窝、上斜坡的变化情况。

The median part of the middle fossa, the lateral part of the superior clivus and the trigeminal nerve in the Meckel cave could be exposed via a retrosigmoid suprameatal approach.

采用乙状窦后经内耳道上入路，可将乙状窦后入路的手术野扩大到颅中窝的中线侧和上斜坡侧方，并可显露Meckel腔内的三叉神经。

Comclusion: transpetrous presigmoid retrolabrinth approach was rational approach for surgery on petroclivus and -4- CPA; it抯 important for accomplish the surgery to study and master the anatomy and variance of this approach; there was relative anatomical relationship among those structure on posterior of petrous bone; AAMP was the extracranial mark of inflexion of TS and SS; LAM and PSC were obvious bone marks for operation; we can confirm the abraded range of petrous bone lean upon LAM and/or GSS beside abrading step by step as literature, and it抯 unnecessary and unrational to emphasize to show PSC if the surgical space was enough; preceding sigmoid sinus and high jugular bulb often appeared at right and would bring disadvantage effect; interspace ,between CN V and CNVII or CNVII and CNJXI, were available to reach clivus and manage the mass on the range.

经SS前迷路后入路是处理岩斜坡区、桥小脑角区病变理想的手术入路；研究和熟悉手术入路中的解剖结构及部分变异对指导手术十分必要；岩骨内测面的骨性结构之间有着相对稳定的空间关系；顶乳缝前角是SS和TS转接处在颅外的标志；IAM和PSC等结构可以作为手术中的重要骨性标志；以PSC确定岩骨的磨除范围是较安全和可靠的，但亦可以结合影像检查，以内耳道和乙状窦前缘为基点判定切除范围，如果操作空间足够，过分强调磨出半规管是不适当的；右侧GSS的宽度和深度较对侧大，SS前置和颈静脉球高位较对侧多见，这些都对右侧入路有不利的影响，但仍可以进行手术操作；三叉神经和面神经间隙及面l 神经和舌咽神经间隙方便到达斜坡并处理病变。l

Now we don't know how aminoglycoside antibiotics damages hair cells, but there are some theories about it, such as:(1)AmAn affects the transformation among phosphoinositoln, inositol- 3-phophate and glycerine-2-acyl, also, it can cause the change of Ca2+ concentration in endocellular.

氨基糖甙类抗生素(aminoglycoside antibiotics， AmAn)损伤毛细胞的机制尚不清楚，但有以下几种学说：(1)影响了磷酸肌醇、三磷酸肌醇、二脂酰甘油间转化从而导致细胞内钙离子浓度的变化；(2)抑制G蛋白和鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性；(3)氨基糖甙类抗生素能引起内耳毛细胞的凋亡。

The root cause of Meniérè's disease is unknown, though the symptoms are thought to be produced by an increase in the fluid pressure in the inner ear, i.e "endolymphatic hydrops."

梅尼埃氏病的病因目前未知，从症状看是内耳液压的增长产生的，比如&内淋巴水肿&。

Results In four cases, one was lipochoristoma of the acoustic nerve, two were low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of endolymphatic sac origin, and another one was juxtaoral organ of Chievitz presenting clinically as a tumor mass.

结果 1例为听神经脂肪瘤样迷离瘤，2例为内耳内淋巴囊来源的低级别乳头状腺癌，1例为类似肿瘤病变的Chievitz口旁器官。

Meniere disease is a common inner ear disease characterized by a traid of symptoms: vestibular symptoms, auditory symptoms, and pressure. The etiopathogenesis of Meniere disease is unknown, and pathologic correlate of MD is endolymphic hydrops, which is mostly attributed to the deficiency of endolymphic sac's absorbtion.

梅尼埃病是一种常见内耳疾病，典型病例表现为发作性眩晕、渐进波动性耳聋及耳闷胀感，其发病机理不明，膜迷路积水被认为是该疾病的病理基础，而内淋巴囊的吸收障碍是造成膜迷路积水的重要原因。

Decreasing bone formation may be the main reason for the reducing calcium content in the otoconia. The headward distribution of blood volume may account for the morphological changes in the middle ear and inner ear.

骨形成减少可能是引起耳石中钙含量减少的主要原因；而头部血流量的增多可能是中耳和内耳形态学改变的原因。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。